• Jouffray, J. B., Blasiak, R., Norström, A. V., Österblom, H. & Nyström, M. The blue acceleration: the trajectory of human expansion into the ocean. One Earth 2, 43–54 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Colgan, C. S. Measurement of the ocean economy from national income accounts to the sustainable blue economy. J. Ocean Coast. Econ. 2, 12 (2016).


    Google Scholar
     

  • The Ocean Economy in 2030 (OECD, 2016); https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264251724-en

  • COVID-19 Pandemic: Towards a Blue Recovery in Small Island Developing States (OECD, 2021); https://doi.org/10.1787/241271b7-en

  • Germond‐Duret, C. Framing the blue economy: placelessness, development and sustainability. Dev. Change 53, 308–334 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Golden, J. S. et al. Making sure the blue economy is green. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0017 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • O’Hara, C. C. & Halpern, B. S. Anticipating the future of the world’s ocean. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 47, 291–315 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rocha, J. C. Ecosystems are showing symptoms of resilience loss. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 065013 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Österblom, H. et al. Transnational corporations as ‘keystone actors’ in marine ecosystems. PLoS ONE 10, e0127533 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Virdin, J. et al. The Ocean 100: transnational corporations in the ocean economy. Sci. Adv. 7, eabc8041 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Österblom, H., Bebbington, J., Blasiak, R., Sobkowiak, M. & Folke, C. Transnational corporations, biosphere stewardship, and sustainable futures. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 47, 609–635 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mol, A. P. J. Environmental governance in the information age: the emergence of informational governance. Environ. Plann. C Gov. Policy 24, 497–514 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fung, A., Graham, M. & Weil, D. Full Disclosure: The Perils and Promise of Transparency. (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007).

  • Bebbington, J., Larrinaga, C. & Michelon, G. in Handbook on Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (eds Magnan, M. & Michelon, G.) Ch. 26 (Elgar, 2024).

  • Roberts, J. No one is perfect: the limits of transparency and an ethic for ‘intelligent’ accountability. Account. Organ. Soc. 34, 957–970 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Roberts, J. Managing only with transparency: the strategic functions of ignorance. Crit. Perspect. Account. 55, 53–60 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fung, A. Infotopia: unleashing the democratic power of transparency. Politics Soc. 41, 183–212 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mol, A. P. J. Transparency and value chain sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 107, 154–161 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Christensen, H. B., Floyd, E., Liu, L. Y. & Maffett, M. The real effects of mandated information on social responsibility in financial reports: evidence from mine-safety records. J. Account. Econ. 64, 284–304 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mason, M. Transparency, accountability and empowerment in sustainability governance: a conceptual review. J. Environ. Pol. Plan. 22, 98–111 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bao, D., Su, L. N. & Zhang, Y. The real effects of disclosure regulation: evidence from mandatory CFO compensation disclosure. J. Account. Public Policy 41, 106995 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bebbington, J. et al. Shaping nature outcomes in corporate settings. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 379, 20220325 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jouffray, J.-B., Crona, B., Wassénius, E., Bebbington, J. & Scholtens, B. Leverage points in the financial sector for seafood sustainability. Sci. Adv. 5, 2aax3324 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bennett, N. J., Blythe, J., White, C. S. & Campero, C. Blue growth and blue justice: ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy. Mar. Policy 125, 104387 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Crosman, K. M., Giron, A. & Guzzini, S. Governing Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction: Roles and Opportunities for the Private Sector (World Economic Forum, 2024); https://www.weforum.org/publications/governing-marine-biodiversity-beyond-national-jurisdiction-roles-and-opportunities-for-the-private-sector/

  • Folke, C. et al. Transnational corporations and the challenge of biosphere stewardship. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1396–1403 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Havice, E., Campbell, L. M., Campling, L. & Smith, M. D. Making sense of firms for ocean governance. One Earth 4, 602–604 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lamont, T. A. C. et al. Hold big business to task on ecosystem restoration. Science 381, 1053–1055 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Booth, H., Milner-Gulland, E. J., McCormick, N. & Starkey, M. Operationalizing transformative change for business in the context of Nature Positive. One Earth 7, 1235–1249 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Elliot, V., Jonäll, K., Paananen, M., Bebbington, J. & Michelon, G. Biodiversity reporting: standardization, materiality, and assurance. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 68, 101435 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wassénius, E., Crona, B. & Quahe, S. Essential environmental impact variables: a means for transparent corporate sustainability reporting aligned with planetary boundaries. One Earth 7, 211–225 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rowbottom, N. Orchestration and consolidation in corporate sustainability reporting. the legacy of the Corporate Reporting Dialogue. Account. Audit. Account. J. 36, 885–912 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vincent, A., Ring, J., Stodulka, K. & Juenet, J. The Ocean Impact Navigator. A New Impact Measurement Framework for the Ocean Innovation Ecosystem (AquaDocs, 2022); http://hdl.handle.net/1834/42789

  • Référentiel OCEAN 2023 (Fondation de la mer, 2023); www.fondationdelamer.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Referentiel-Ocean-2023-1.pdf

  • Sustainability Criteria for the Blue Economy (CINEA, 2021); https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2826/399476

  • Business Awareness and Response to Ocean Challenges (One Ocean Foundation, SDA Bocconi School of Management, McKinsey & Company & CSIC, 2024); https://oceandisclosureinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Business-Awareness-and-Response-2024.pdf

  • Comyns, B. Determinants of GHG reporting: an analysis of global oil and gas companies. J. Bus. Ethics 136, 349–369 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hansen, A. D., Kuramochi, T. & Wicke, B. The status of corporate greenhouse gas emissions reporting in the food sector: an evaluation of food and beverage manufacturers. J. Clean. Prod. 361, 132279 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Giakoumi, S. et al. Management priorities for marine invasive species. Sci. Total Environ. 688, 976–982 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Molnar, J. L., Gamboa, R. L., Revenga, C. & Spalding, M. D. Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 485–492 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Costello, M. J. et al. World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS) www.marinespecies.org/introduced (2024).

  • Big Shifts, Small Steps: Survey of Sustainability Reporting 2022 (KPMG International, 2022) https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/se/pdf/komm/2022/Global-Survey-of-Sustainability-Reporting-2022.pdf

  • Blasiak, R. & Jouffray, J.-B. When will the BBNJ Agreement deliver results? NPJ Ocean Sustain. 3, 21 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World leaders are waking up to the ocean’s role in a healthy planet. Nature 588, 7–8 (2020).

  • Sardá, R. et al. Business for ocean sustainability: early responses of ocean governance in the private sector. Ambio 52, 253–270 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ehler, C. & Douvere, F. Marine Spatial Planning: A Step-by-Step Approach Toward Ecosystem-Based Management. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme (UNESCO, 2009); https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229424217_Marine_Spatial_Planning_A_Step-by-Step_Approach_Toward_Ecosystem-Based_Management

  • Pomeroy, R. & Douvere, F. The engagement of stakeholders in the marine spatial planning process. Mar. Policy 32, 816–822 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Winther, J. G. et al. Integrated ocean management for a sustainable ocean economy. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1451–1458 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Österblom, H. et al. Towards Ocean Equity (World Resources Institute, 2020); www.researchgate.net/publication/339750031_Towards_Ocean_Equity

  • Claudet, J. et al. Advancing ocean equity at the nexus of development, climate and conservation policy. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 8, 1205–1208 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jouffray, J.-B. et al. Blue Acceleration: An Ocean of Risks and Opportunities (Ocean Risk and Resilience Action Alliance, 2021); https://oceanrisk.earth/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ORRAA-Blue-acceleration.pdf

  • Council Working Party on Shipbuilding (WP6), ‘Environmental and Climate Change Issues in the Shipbuilding Industry’ (OECD, 2010); https://one.oecd.org/document/C/WP6(2010)10/En/pdf

  • Crona, B. et al. Sharing the seas: a review and analysis of ocean sector interactions. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 063005 (2021).

  • Ports Primer: 7.1 Environmental Impacts (EPA, 2023).

  • Elo, S. & Kyngäs, H. The qualitative content analysis process. J. Adv. Nurs. 62, 107–115 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rauch, J. N. & Newman, J. Defining sustainability metric targets in an institutional setting. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ. 10, 107–117 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heink, U. & Kowarik, I. What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning. Ecol. Indic. 10, 584–593 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • ESG Data (LSEG Data & Analytics, 2022).

  • Gargan, L. M. et al. The use of environmental DNA metabarcoding and quantitative PCR for molecular detection of marine invasive non-native species associated with artificial structures. Biol. Invasions 24, 635–648 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gold, Z., Sprague, J., Kushner, D. J., Marin, E. Z. & Barber, P. H. eDNA metabarcoding as a biomonitoring tool for marine protected areas. PLoS ONE 16, e0238557 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Blasiak, R. et al. The ocean genome and future prospects for conservation and equity. Nat. Sustain. 3, 588–596 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Formel, N., Enochs, I. C., Sinigalliano, C., Anderson, S. R. & Thompson, L. R. Subsurface automated samplers for eDNA (SASe) for biological monitoring and research. HardwareX 10, e00239 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vigo, M. et al. ROV-based monitoring of passive ecological recovery in a deep-sea no-take fishery reserve. Sci. Total Environ. 883, 163339 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cardaillac, A., Skjetne, R. & Ludvigsen, M. ROV-based autonomous maneuvering for ship hull inspection with coverage monitoring. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 110, 59 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • OpenROV OpenROV Trident—an underwater drone for everyone. Kickstarter www.kickstarter.com/projects/openrov/openrov-trident-an-underwater-drone-for-everyone (2018).

  • Singh, R., Sarkar, P., Goswami, V. & Yadav, R. Review of low cost micro remotely operated underwater vehicle. Ocean Eng. 266, 112796 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McCauley, D. J. et al. Improving ocean management using insights from space. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-050823-120619 (2024).

  • Chaudhary, V. & Kumar, S. Marine oil slicks detection using spaceborne and airborne SAR data. Adv. Space Res. 66, 854–872 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Paolo, F. S. et al. Satellite mapping reveals extensive industrial activity at sea. Nature 625, 85–91 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vitousek, S. et al. The future of coastal monitoring through satellite remote sensing. Camb. Prisms Coast. Futures 1, e10 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Luijendijk, A. et al. The state of the world’s beaches. Sci. Rep. 8, 6641 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jouffray, J.-B. et al. Ocean Sand: Putting Sand on the Ocean Sustainability Agenda (Ocean Risk and Resilience Action Alliance, 2023); https://oceanrisk.earth/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/ORRAA_Ocean_Sand_report.pdf

  • Sengupta, D. et al. Mapping 21st century global coastal land reclamation. Earths Future 11, e2022EF002927 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar