{"id":404465,"date":"2026-03-26T06:25:14","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T06:25:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/404465\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T06:25:14","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T06:25:14","slug":"a-fast-starburst-wind-consumes-most-of-the-energy-from-supernovae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/404465\/","title":{"rendered":"A fast starburst wind consumes most of the energy from supernovae"},"content":{"rendered":"
  • \n

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland<\/p>\n

    Marc Audard,\u00a0Dominique Eckert\u00a0&\u00a0Stephane Paltani<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan<\/p>\n

    Hisamitsu Awaki,\u00a0Megumi Shidatsu\u00a0&\u00a0Yuichi Terashima<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA<\/p>\n

    Ralf Ballhausen,\u00a0Michael Loewenstein,\u00a0Fran\u00e7ois Mernier,\u00a0Richard Mushotzky,\u00a0Anna Ogorzalek\u00a0&\u00a0Erin Boettcher<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    NASA\/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA<\/p>\n

    Ralf Ballhausen,\u00a0Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin,\u00a0Renata Cumbee,\u00a0Javier A. Garc\u00eda,\u00a0Kenji Hamaguchi,\u00a0Takayuki Hayashi,\u00a0Edmund Hodges-Kluck,\u00a0Ann Hornschemeier,\u00a0Timothy Kallman,\u00a0Richard Kelley,\u00a0Caroline Kilbourne,\u00a0Maurice Leutenegger,\u00a0Michael Loewenstein,\u00a0Maxim Markevitch,\u00a0Fran\u00e7ois Mernier,\u00a0Koji Mukai,\u00a0Anna Ogorzalek,\u00a0Takashi Okajima,\u00a0Robert Petre,\u00a0Frederick S. Porter,\u00a0Katja Pottschmidt,\u00a0Keisuke Tamura,\u00a0Ay\u015feg\u00fcl T\u00fcmer,\u00a0Brian J. Williams,\u00a0Tahir Yaqoob,\u00a0Mihoko Yukita,\u00a0Erin Boettcher\u00a0&\u00a0Gabriel Grell<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA\/GSFC (CRESST II), Greenbelt, MD, USA<\/p>\n

    Ralf Ballhausen,\u00a0Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin,\u00a0Kenji Hamaguchi,\u00a0Takayuki Hayashi,\u00a0Michael Loewenstein,\u00a0Fran\u00e7ois Mernier,\u00a0Koji Mukai,\u00a0Anna Ogorzalek,\u00a0Katja Pottschmidt,\u00a0Keisuke Tamura,\u00a0Ay\u015feg\u00fcl T\u00fcmer,\u00a0Tahir Yaqoob\u00a0&\u00a0Erin Boettcher<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan<\/p>\n

    Aya Bamba\u00a0&\u00a0Kouichi Hagino<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Technion, Haifa, Israel<\/p>\n

    Ehud Behar<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA<\/p>\n

    Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin,\u00a0Kenji Hamaguchi,\u00a0Takayuki Hayashi,\u00a0Koji Mukai,\u00a0Katja Pottschmidt,\u00a0Keisuke Tamura,\u00a0Ay\u015feg\u00fcl T\u00fcmer\u00a0&\u00a0Tahir Yaqoob<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Center for Astrophysics|Harvard-Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA<\/p>\n

    Laura Brenneman,\u00a0Adam Foster,\u00a0Paul Plucinsky,\u00a0Randall Smith\u00a0&\u00a0Peter Kosec<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, USA<\/p>\n

    Gregory V. Brown,\u00a0Megan E. Eckart\u00a0&\u00a0Natalie Hell<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA<\/p>\n

    Lia Corrales\u00a0&\u00a0Jon M. Miller<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands<\/p>\n

    Elisa Costantini,\u00a0Liyi Gu,\u00a0Jelle Kaastra,\u00a0Aurora Simionescu\u00a0&\u00a0Jacco Vink<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany<\/p>\n

    Mar\u00eda D\u00edaz Trigo<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, UK<\/p>\n

    Chris Done<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa, Japan<\/p>\n

    Tadayasu Dotani,\u00a0Ken Ebisawa,\u00a0Ryuichi Fujimoto,\u00a0Kotaro Fukushima,\u00a0Katsuhiro Hayashi,\u00a0Daiki Ishi,\u00a0Manabu Ishida,\u00a0Yoshiaki Kanemaru,\u00a0Yoshitomo Maeda,\u00a0Shoji Ogawa,\u00a0Hiromasa Suzuki,\u00a0Makoto Tashiro,\u00a0Yukikatsu Terada,\u00a0Masahiro Tsujimoto,\u00a0Nagomi Uchida,\u00a0Shin Watanabe,\u00a0Hiroya Yamaguchi,\u00a0Noriko Yamasaki\u00a0&\u00a0Tessei Yoshida<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Economics, Kumamoto Gakuen University, Kumamoto, Japan<\/p>\n

    Satoshi Eguchi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan<\/p>\n

    Teruaki Enoto,\u00a0Takeshi Tsuru\u00a0&\u00a0Hiroyuki Uchida<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan<\/p>\n

    Yuichiro Ezoe,\u00a0Yutaka Fujita,\u00a0Kumi Ishikawa,\u00a0Yoshitaka Ishisaki\u00a0&\u00a0Hiromi Seta<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan<\/p>\n

    Yasushi Fukazawa\u00a0&\u00a0Hiromitsu Takahashi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan<\/p>\n

    Akihiro Furuzawa<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada<\/p>\n

    Luigi Gallo<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA<\/p>\n

    Javier A. Garc\u00eda<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands<\/p>\n

    Matteo Guainazzi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan<\/p>\n

    Isamu Hatsukade,\u00a0Koji Mori\u00a0&\u00a0Makoto Yamauchi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan<\/p>\n

    Yuto Ichinohe\u00a0&\u00a0Toru Tamagawa<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands<\/p>\n

    Jelle Kaastra<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA<\/p>\n

    Erin Kara,\u00a0Eric D. Miller\u00a0&\u00a0Peter Kosec<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan<\/p>\n

    Satoru Katsuda,\u00a0Mai Takeo,\u00a0Makoto Tashiro\u00a0&\u00a0Yukikatsu Terada<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan<\/p>\n

    Shunji Kitamoto,\u00a0Makoto Sawada\u00a0&\u00a0Shinya Yamada<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Faculty of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan<\/p>\n

    Shogo Kobayashi\u00a0&\u00a0Kyoko Matsushita<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan<\/p>\n

    Takayoshi Kohmura\u00a0&\u00a0Yuusuke Uchida<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan<\/p>\n

    Aya Kubota<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan<\/p>\n

    Hironori Matsumoto,\u00a0Hirokazu Odaka\u00a0&\u00a0Hiroshi Tsunemi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA<\/p>\n

    Dan McCammon<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada<\/p>\n

    Brian McNamara<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan<\/p>\n

    Ikuyuki Mitsuishi,\u00a0Kazuhiro Nakazawa,\u00a0Kazutaka Yamaoka,\u00a0Kazuki Ampuku\u00a0&\u00a0Seiya Sasamata<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Science Research Education Unit, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan<\/p>\n

    Misaki Mizumoto<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan<\/p>\n

    Tsunefumi Mizuno<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Data Science, Tohoku Gakuin University, Sendai, Japan<\/p>\n

    Hiroshi Murakami<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan<\/p>\n

    Hiroshi Nakajima<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain<\/p>\n

    Jan-Uwe Ness<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan<\/p>\n

    Kumiko Nobukawa<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Department of Teacher Training and School Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, Japan<\/p>\n

    Masayoshi Nobukawa<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan<\/p>\n

    Hirofumi Noda<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Department of Physics, Nara Women\u2019s University, Nara, Japan<\/p>\n

    Naomi Ota\u00a0&\u00a0Shigeo Yamauchi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan<\/p>\n

    Kosuke Sato<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan<\/p>\n

    Toshiki Sato<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA<\/p>\n

    Andrew Szymkowiak<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe, Japan<\/p>\n

    Takaaki Tanaka<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan<\/p>\n

    Atsushi Tanimoto\u00a0&\u00a0Tomokage Yoneyama<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Physics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan<\/p>\n

    Yohko Tsuboi<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan<\/p>\n

    Hideki Uchiyama<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan<\/p>\n

    Yoshihiro Ueda<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Nihon Fukushi University, Shizuoka, Japan<\/p>\n

    Shinichiro Uno<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands<\/p>\n

    Jacco Vink<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan<\/p>\n

    Satoshi Yamada<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA<\/p>\n

    Mihoko Yukita<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA<\/p>\n

    Irina Zhuravleva<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA<\/p>\n

    Skylar Grayson\u00a0&\u00a0Evan Scannapieco<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    E. Hodges-Kluck, I. Mitsuishi, T. Tsuru and N. Yamasaki conceived of the programme and planned the observation. M. Yukita reduced the data, and C. Kilbourne and M. Loewenstein performed data quality checks. E. Boettcher, E. Hodges-Kluck and M. Yukita performed spectral fitting of the Resolve data and led the analysis of the wind temperature, velocity, mass and energy outflow rates, and thermalization efficiency. G. Grell performed Resolve spectral fitting to place a limit on the very hot wind. E. Hodges-Kluck analysed archival Chandra data and the coordinated Swift observation, and M. Yukita jointly analysed the Resolve data and archival NuSTAR data. S. Grayson and E. Scannapieco performed the free-wind modelling. E. Boettcher led the preparation of the manuscript. K. Ampuku, R. Cumbee, A. Foster, Y. Fujita, K. Fukushima, A. Hornschemeier, R. Kelley, S. Kobayashi and S. Sasamata contributed to discussions in regular meetings of the XRISM M82 Target Team. T. Sato and J. Vink served as internal reviewers. The science goals of XRISM were discussed and developed over 7\u2009years by the XRISM Science Team, all members of which are authors of this manuscript. All the instruments were prepared by the joint efforts of the team. The manuscript was subject to an internal, collaboration-wide review process. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland Marc Audard,\u00a0Dominique Eckert\u00a0&\u00a0Stephane Paltani Department of Physics, Ehime University, Matsuyama,…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":404466,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[270],"tags":[18,40871,174762,1099,19,17,1100,133,451],"class_list":["post-404465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-space","tag-eire","tag-galaxies-and-clusters","tag-high-energy-astrophysics","tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","tag-ie","tag-ireland","tag-multidisciplinary","tag-science","tag-space"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@ie\/116294052946755557","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404465","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=404465"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404465\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/404466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=404465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=404465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=404465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}