{"id":483477,"date":"2026-05-14T00:57:17","date_gmt":"2026-05-14T00:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/483477\/"},"modified":"2026-05-14T00:57:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T00:57:17","slug":"an-ultra-faint-chemically-primitive-galaxy-forming-in-the-reionization-era","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/483477\/","title":{"rendered":"An ultra-faint, chemically primitive galaxy forming in the reionization era"},"content":{"rendered":"<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"1.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Nakajima, K. &amp; Maiolino, R. Diagnostics for PopIII galaxies and direct collapse black holes in the early Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>513<\/b>, 5134\u20135147 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1242\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1242\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1242\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1242\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022MNRAS.513.5134N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XivFyjsr%2FN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diagnostics%20for%20PopIII%20galaxies%20and%20direct%20collapse%20black%20holes%20in%20the%20early%20Universe&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1242&amp;volume=513&amp;pages=5134-5147&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Nakajima%2CK&amp;author=Maiolino%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"2.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Heger, A. &amp; Woosley, S. E. Nucleosynthesis and evolution of massive metal-free stars. Astrophys. J. <b>724<\/b>, 341\u2013373 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/724\/1\/341\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/724\/1\/341\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F724%2F1%2F341\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/724\/1\/341\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2010ApJ...724..341H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFyru7fO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nucleosynthesis%20and%20evolution%20of%20massive%20metal-free%20stars&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F724%2F1%2F341&amp;volume=724&amp;pages=341-373&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Heger%2CA&amp;author=Woosley%2CSE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"3.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Vanni, I., Salvadori, S., Sk\u00falad\u00f3ttir, \u00c1., Rossi, M. &amp; Koutsouridou, I. Characterizing the true descendants of the first stars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>526<\/b>, 2620\u20132644 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2910\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2910\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad2910\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2910\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023MNRAS.526.2620V\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhsVGrtL%2FO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Characterizing%20the%20true%20descendants%20of%20the%20first%20stars&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad2910&amp;volume=526&amp;pages=2620-2644&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Vanni%2CI&amp;author=Salvadori%2CS&amp;author=Sk%C3%BAlad%C3%B3ttir%2C%C3%81&amp;author=Rossi%2CM&amp;author=Koutsouridou%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"4.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">D\u2019Eugenio, F. et al. JADES: carbon enrichment 350\u2009Myr after the Big Bang. Astron. Astrophys. <b>689<\/b>, 152 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202348636\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202348636\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202348636\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202348636\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JADES%3A%20carbon%20enrichment%20350%E2%80%89Myr%20after%20the%20Big%20Bang&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202348636&amp;volume=689&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=D%E2%80%99Eugenio%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"5.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Curtis-Lake, E. et al. Spectroscopic confirmation of four metal-poor galaxies at z\u2009=\u200910.3\u201313.2. Nat. Astron. <b>7<\/b>, 622\u2013632 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41550-023-01918-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41550-023-01918-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41550-023-01918-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41550-023-01918-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023NatAs...7..622C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Spectroscopic%20confirmation%20of%20four%20metal-poor%20galaxies%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8910.3%E2%80%9313.2&amp;journal=Nat.%20Astron.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41550-023-01918-w&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=622-632&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Curtis-Lake%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"6.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Harikane, Y. et al. Pure spectroscopic constraints on UV luminosity functions and cosmic star formation history from 25 galaxies at zspec\u2009=\u20098.61\u201313.20 confirmed with JWST\/NIRSpec. Astrophys. J. <b>960<\/b>, 56 (2024).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"7.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Carniani, S. et al. Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14. Nature <b>633<\/b>, 318\u2013322 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07860-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07860-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07860-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07860-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024Natur.633..318C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhvFSqtbbP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39074505\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11390484\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Spectroscopic%20confirmation%20of%20two%20luminous%20galaxies%20at%20a%20redshift%20of%2014&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07860-9&amp;volume=633&amp;pages=318-322&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Carniani%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"8.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Naidu, R. P. et al. A cosmic miracle: a remarkably luminous galaxy at zspec\u2009=\u200914.44 confirmed with JWST. Open J. Astrophys. <b>9<\/b>, 56033 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.33232\/001c.156033\" data-track-item_id=\"10.33232\/001c.156033\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33232%2F001c.156033\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.33232\/001c.156033\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2026OJAp....956033N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20cosmic%20miracle%3A%20a%20remarkably%20luminous%20galaxy%20at%20zspec%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8914.44%20confirmed%20with%20JWST&amp;journal=Open%20J.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.33232%2F001c.156033&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Naidu%2CRP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"9.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Nakajima, K. et al. JWST census for the mass\u2013metallicity star formation relations at z\u2009=\u20094\u201310 with self-consistent flux calibration and proper metallicity calibrators. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. <b>269<\/b>, 33 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4365\/acd556\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4365\/acd556\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Facd556\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4365\/acd556\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023ApJS..269...33N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXitVOjurjL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JWST%20census%20for%20the%20mass%E2%80%93metallicity%20star%20formation%20relations%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%894%E2%80%9310%20with%20self-consistent%20flux%20calibration%20and%20proper%20metallicity%20calibrators&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.%20Suppl.%20Ser.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Facd556&amp;volume=269&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Nakajima%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"10.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Curti, M. et al. JADES: Insights into the low-mass end of the mass\u2013metallicity\u2013SFR relation at 3\u00a0&lt;\u00a0z\u00a0&lt;\u00a010 from deep JWST\/NIRSpec spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. <b>684<\/b>, 75 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346698\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346698\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346698\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346698\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JADES%3A%20Insights%20into%20the%20low-mass%20end%20of%20the%20mass%E2%80%93metallicity%E2%80%93SFR%20relation%20at%203%C2%A0%3C%C2%A0z%C2%A0%3C%C2%A010%20from%20deep%20JWST%2FNIRSpec%20spectroscopy&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346698&amp;volume=684&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Curti%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"11.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Maiolino, R. et al. JADES. Possible population III signatures at z\u2009=\u200910.6 in the halo of GN-z11. Astron. Astrophys. <b>687<\/b>, 67 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347087\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347087\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202347087\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202347087\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JADES.%20Possible%20population%20III%20signatures%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8910.6%20in%20the%20halo%20of%20GN-z11&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202347087&amp;volume=687&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Maiolino%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"12.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Oesch, P. A. et al. A remarkably luminous galaxy at z\u2009=\u200911.1 measured with Hubble Space Telescope grism spectroscopy. Astrophys. J. <b>819<\/b>, 129 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/0004-637X\/819\/2\/129\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/0004-637X\/819\/2\/129\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F819%2F2%2F129\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/0004-637X\/819\/2\/129\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2016ApJ...819..129O\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20remarkably%20luminous%20galaxy%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8911.1%20measured%20with%20Hubble%20Space%20Telescope%20grism%20spectroscopy&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F819%2F2%2F129&amp;volume=819&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Oesch%2CPA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"13.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Bunker, A. J. et al. JADES NIRSpec spectroscopy of GN-z11: Lyman-\u03b1 emission and possible enhanced nitrogen abundance in a z\u2009=\u200910.60 luminous galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. <b>677<\/b>, 88 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346159\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346159\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346159\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346159\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JADES%20NIRSpec%20spectroscopy%20of%20GN-z11%3A%20Lyman-%CE%B1%20emission%20and%20possible%20enhanced%20nitrogen%20abundance%20in%20a%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8910.60%20luminous%20galaxy&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346159&amp;volume=677&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Bunker%2CAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"14.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Schaerer, D. The transition from population III to normal galaxies: Ly\u03b1 and He II emission and the ionising properties of high redshift starburst galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. <b>397<\/b>, 527\u2013538 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20021525\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20021525\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20021525\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20021525\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2003A%26A...397..527S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitVKitrk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20transition%20from%20population%20III%20to%20normal%20galaxies%3A%20Ly%CE%B1%20and%20He%20II%20emission%20and%20the%20ionising%20properties%20of%20high%20redshift%20starburst%20galaxies&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20021525&amp;volume=397&amp;pages=527-538&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Schaerer%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"15.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Inoue, A. K. Rest-frame ultraviolet-to-optical spectral characteristics of extremely metal-poor and metal-free galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>415<\/b>, 2920\u20132931 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18906.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18906.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2011.18906.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18906.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2011MNRAS.415.2920I\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFyqu7jI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Rest-frame%20ultraviolet-to-optical%20spectral%20characteristics%20of%20extremely%20metal-poor%20and%20metal-free%20galaxies&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2011.18906.x&amp;volume=415&amp;pages=2920-2931&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Inoue%2CAK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"16.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Nishigaki, M. et al. EMPRESS. XI. SDSS and JWST search for local and z\u2009\u223c\u20094\u20135 extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs): clustering and chemical properties of local EMPGs. Astrophys. J. <b>952<\/b>, 11 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/accf14\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/accf14\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faccf14\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/accf14\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023ApJ...952...11N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXosFahsLg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=EMPRESS.%20XI.%20SDSS%20and%20JWST%20search%20for%20local%20and%20z%E2%80%89%E2%88%BC%E2%80%894%E2%80%935%20extremely%20metal-poor%20galaxies%20%28EMPGs%29%3A%20clustering%20and%20chemical%20properties%20of%20local%20EMPGs&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faccf14&amp;volume=952&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Nishigaki%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"17.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Fujimoto, S. et al. GLIMPSE: an ultra-faint \u2243105\u2009M\u2299 Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity function at z \u2243 6\u22127. Astrophys. J. <b>989<\/b>, 46 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"18.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Hsiao, T. Y.-Y. et al. SAPPHIRES: extremely metal-poor galaxy candidates with 12\u00a0+\u00a0log(O\/H)\u00a0&lt;\u00a07.0 at z\u00a0~\u00a05\u22127 from deep JWST\/NIRCam grism observations. Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.03873\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.03873\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.03873<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"19.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Trussler, J. A. A. et al. On the observability and identification of population III galaxies with JWST. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>525<\/b>, 5328\u20135352 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2553\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2553\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad2553\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2553\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023MNRAS.525.5328T\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXmsVGns78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20observability%20and%20identification%20of%20population%20III%20galaxies%20with%20JWST&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad2553&amp;volume=525&amp;pages=5328-5352&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Trussler%2CJAA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"20.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Vanzella, E. et al. An extremely metal-poor star complex in the reionization era: approaching population III stars with JWST. Astron. Astrophys. <b>678<\/b>, 173 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346981\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346981\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346981\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202346981\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20extremely%20metal-poor%20star%20complex%20in%20the%20reionization%20era%3A%20approaching%20population%20III%20stars%20with%20JWST&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346981&amp;volume=678&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Vanzella%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"21.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Jakobsen, P., Wright, R., Zeidler, P. &amp; Zincke, C. The near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope. I. Overview of the instrument and its capabilities. Astron. Astrophys. <b>661<\/b>, 80 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142663\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142663\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202142663\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142663\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20near-infrared%20spectrograph%20%28NIRSpec%29%20on%20the%20James%20Webb%20Space%20Telescope.%20I.%20Overview%20of%20the%20instrument%20and%20its%20capabilities&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202142663&amp;volume=661&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Jakobsen%2CP&amp;author=Wright%2CR&amp;author=Zeidler%2CP&amp;author=Zincke%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"22.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Maiolino, R. &amp; Mannucci, F. De re metallica: the cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. <b>27<\/b>, 3 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00159-018-0112-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00159-018-0112-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00159-018-0112-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00159-018-0112-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019A%26ARv..27....3M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=De%20re%20metallica%3A%20the%20cosmic%20chemical%20evolution%20of%20galaxies&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00159-018-0112-2&amp;volume=27&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Maiolino%2CR&amp;author=Mannucci%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"23.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">\u00c1lvarez-M\u00e1rquez, J. et al. Insight into the starburst nature of galaxy GN-z11 with JWST MIRI spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. <b>695<\/b>, 250 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451731\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451731\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451731\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451731\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Insight%20into%20the%20starburst%20nature%20of%20galaxy%20GN-z11%20with%20JWST%20MIRI%20spectroscopy&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451731&amp;volume=695&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=%C3%81lvarez-M%C3%A1rquez%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"24.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Hsiao, T. Y.-Y. et al. JWST MIRI detections of H\u03b1 and [O III] and a direct metallicity measurement of the z\u2009=\u200910.17 lensed galaxy MACS0647\u2013JD. Astrophys. J. <b>973<\/b>, 81 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad6562\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad6562\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad6562\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad6562\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024ApJ...973...81H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXislCgu7fO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JWST%20MIRI%20detections%20of%20H%CE%B1%20and%20%5BO%20III%5D%20and%20a%20direct%20metallicity%20measurement%20of%20the%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8910.17%20lensed%20galaxy%20MACS0647%E2%80%93JD&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad6562&amp;volume=973&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hsiao%2CTY-Y\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"25.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Zavala, J. A. et al. A luminous and young galaxy at z\u2009=\u200912.33 revealed by a JWST\/MIRI detection of H\u03b1 and [O III]. Nat. Astron. <b>9<\/b>, 155\u2013164 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41550-024-02397-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41550-024-02397-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41550-024-02397-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41550-024-02397-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025NatAs...9..155Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39866550\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20luminous%20and%20young%20galaxy%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8912.33%20revealed%20by%20a%20JWST%2FMIRI%20detection%20of%20H%CE%B1%20and%20%5BO%20III%5D&amp;journal=Nat.%20Astron.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41550-024-02397-3&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=155-164&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Zavala%2CJA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"26.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Vanzella, E. et al. Extreme ionizing properties of a metal-poor, MUV\u2009\u2243\u2009\u221212 star complex in the first gigayear. Astron. Astrophys. <b>691<\/b>, 251 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451696\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451696\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451696\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451696\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extreme%20ionizing%20properties%20of%20a%20metal-poor%2C%20MUV%E2%80%89%E2%89%83%E2%80%89%E2%88%9212%20star%20complex%20in%20the%20first%20gigayear&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451696&amp;volume=691&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Vanzella%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"27.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Schaerer, D., Guibert, J., Marques-Chaves, R. &amp; Martins, F. Observable and ionizing properties of star-forming galaxies with very massive stars and different initial mass functions. Astron. Astrophys. <b>693<\/b>, 271 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451454\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451454\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451454\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451454\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025A%26A...693A.271S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Observable%20and%20ionizing%20properties%20of%20star-forming%20galaxies%20with%20very%20massive%20stars%20and%20different%20initial%20mass%20functions&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451454&amp;volume=693&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Schaerer%2CD&amp;author=Guibert%2CJ&amp;author=Marques-Chaves%2CR&amp;author=Martins%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"28.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Meynet, G. &amp; Maeder, A. Stellar evolution with rotation. VIII. Models at Z\u2009=\u200910\u22125 and CNO yields for early galactic evolution. Astron. Astrophys. <b>390<\/b>, 561\u2013583 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20020755\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20020755\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020755\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20020755\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2002A%26A...390..561M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stellar%20evolution%20with%20rotation.%20VIII.%20Models%20at%20Z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8910%E2%88%925%20and%20CNO%20yields%20for%20early%20galactic%20evolution&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020755&amp;volume=390&amp;pages=561-583&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Meynet%2CG&amp;author=Maeder%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"29.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Akerman, C. J., Carigi, L., Nissen, P. E., Pettini, M. &amp; Asplund, M. The evolution of the C\/O ratio in metal-poor halo stars. Astron. Astrophys. <b>414<\/b>, 931\u2013942 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20034188\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20034188\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20034188\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20034188\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2004A%26A...414..931A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtVWlsrs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20evolution%20of%20the%20C%2FO%20ratio%20in%20metal-poor%20halo%20stars&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20034188&amp;volume=414&amp;pages=931-942&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Akerman%2CCJ&amp;author=Carigi%2CL&amp;author=Nissen%2CPE&amp;author=Pettini%2CM&amp;author=Asplund%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"30.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Kobayashi, C., Karakas, A. I. &amp; Lugaro, M. The origin of elements from carbon to uranium. Astrophys. J. <b>900<\/b>, 179 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/abae65\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/abae65\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fabae65\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/abae65\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020ApJ...900..179K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitlamu7fL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20origin%20of%20elements%20from%20carbon%20to%20uranium&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fabae65&amp;volume=900&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kobayashi%2CC&amp;author=Karakas%2CAI&amp;author=Lugaro%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"31.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Schaerer, D. On the properties of massive population III stars and metal-free stellar populations. Astron. Astrophys. <b>382<\/b>, 28\u201342 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20011619\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20011619\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20011619\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20011619\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2002A%26A...382...28S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xit1WmsrY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20properties%20of%20massive%20population%20III%20stars%20and%20metal-free%20stellar%20populations&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20011619&amp;volume=382&amp;pages=28-42&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Schaerer%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"32.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Heger, A. &amp; Woosley, S. E. The nucleosynthetic signature of population III. Astrophys. J. <b>567<\/b>, 532\u2013543 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/338487\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/338487\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F338487\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/338487\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2002ApJ...567..532H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XisVKkur4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20nucleosynthetic%20signature%20of%20population%20III&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F338487&amp;volume=567&amp;pages=532-543&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Heger%2CA&amp;author=Woosley%2CSE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"33.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Woosley, S. E., Heger, A. &amp; Weaver, T. A. The evolution and explosion of massive stars. Rev. Mod. Phys. <b>74<\/b>, 1015\u20131071 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.1015\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.1015\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.1015\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2002RvMP...74.1015W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpsFOgurY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20evolution%20and%20explosion%20of%20massive%20stars&amp;journal=Rev.%20Mod.%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015&amp;volume=74&amp;pages=1015-1071&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Woosley%2CSE&amp;author=Heger%2CA&amp;author=Weaver%2CTA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"34.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Umeda, H. &amp; Nomoto, K. Nucleosynthesis of zinc and iron peak elements in population III type II supernovae: comparison with abundances of very metal poor halo stars. Astrophys. J. <b>565<\/b>, 385\u2013404 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/323946\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/323946\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F323946\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/323946\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2002ApJ...565..385U\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitVSnu7o%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nucleosynthesis%20of%20zinc%20and%20iron%20peak%20elements%20in%20population%20III%20type%20II%20supernovae%3A%20comparison%20with%20abundances%20of%20very%20metal%20poor%20halo%20stars&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F323946&amp;volume=565&amp;pages=385-404&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Umeda%2CH&amp;author=Nomoto%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"35.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Umeda, H. &amp; Nomoto, K. First-generation black-hole-forming supernovae and the metal abundance pattern of a very iron-poor star. Nature <b>422<\/b>, 871\u2013873 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature01571\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature01571\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature01571\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature01571\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2003Natur.422..871U\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtFCitbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12712199\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=First-generation%20black-hole-forming%20supernovae%20and%20the%20metal%20abundance%20pattern%20of%20a%20very%20iron-poor%20star&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature01571&amp;volume=422&amp;pages=871-873&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Umeda%2CH&amp;author=Nomoto%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"36.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Iwamoto, N., Umeda, H., Tominaga, N., Nomoto, K. &amp; Maeda, K. The first chemical enrichment in the Universe and the formation of hyper metal-poor stars. Science <b>309<\/b>, 451\u2013453 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1112997\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1112997\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1112997\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1112997\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2005Sci...309..451I\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmtVersL4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15933160\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20first%20chemical%20enrichment%20in%20the%20Universe%20and%20the%20formation%20of%20hyper%20metal-poor%20stars&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1112997&amp;volume=309&amp;pages=451-453&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Iwamoto%2CN&amp;author=Umeda%2CH&amp;author=Tominaga%2CN&amp;author=Nomoto%2CK&amp;author=Maeda%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"37.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Ishigaki, M. N., Tominaga, N., Kobayashi, C. &amp; Nomoto, K. Faint population III supernovae as the origin of the most iron-poor stars. Astrophys. J. <b>792<\/b>, 32 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/2041-8205\/792\/2\/L32\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/2041-8205\/792\/2\/L32\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F792%2F2%2FL32\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/2041-8205\/792\/2\/L32\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Faint%20population%20III%20supernovae%20as%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20most%20iron-poor%20stars&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F792%2F2%2FL32&amp;volume=792&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Ishigaki%2CMN&amp;author=Tominaga%2CN&amp;author=Kobayashi%2CC&amp;author=Nomoto%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"38.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Ji, X. et al. GA-NIFS: an extremely nitrogen-loud and chemically stratified galaxy at z\u2009\u223c\u20095.55. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>535<\/b>, 881\u2013908 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae2375\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae2375\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae2375\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae2375\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024MNRAS.535..881J\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXis12ltL4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=GA-NIFS%3A%20an%20extremely%20nitrogen-loud%20and%20chemically%20stratified%20galaxy%20at%20z%E2%80%89%E2%88%BC%E2%80%895.55&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae2375&amp;volume=535&amp;pages=881-908&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ji%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"39.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Katz, H., Kimm, T., Ellis, R. S., Devriendt, J. &amp; Slyz, A. The challenges of identifying population III stars in the early Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>524<\/b>, 351\u2013360 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad1903\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad1903\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad1903\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad1903\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023MNRAS.524..351K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXitVWhtb4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20challenges%20of%20identifying%20population%20III%20stars%20in%20the%20early%20Universe&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad1903&amp;volume=524&amp;pages=351-360&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Katz%2CH&amp;author=Kimm%2CT&amp;author=Ellis%2CRS&amp;author=Devriendt%2CJ&amp;author=Slyz%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"40.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Rusta, E. et al. Metal-polluted population III galaxies and how to find them. Astrophys. J. <b>989<\/b>, 32 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/adf4e3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/adf4e3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fadf4e3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/adf4e3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metal-polluted%20population%20III%20galaxies%20and%20how%20to%20find%20them&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fadf4e3&amp;volume=989&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Rusta%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"41.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Maiolino, R. et al. A black hole in a near-pristine galaxy 700 million years after the Big Bang. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. (in the press).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"42.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Simon, J. D. The faintest dwarf galaxies. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. <b>57<\/b>, 375\u2013415 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1146\/annurev-astro-091918-104453\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1146\/annurev-astro-091918-104453\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-091918-104453\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1146\/annurev-astro-091918-104453\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019ARA%26A..57..375S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20faintest%20dwarf%20galaxies&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-091918-104453&amp;volume=57&amp;pages=375-415&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Simon%2CJD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"43.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Jeon, M., Besla, G. &amp; Bromm, V. Connecting the first galaxies with ultrafaint dwarfs in the Local Group: chemical signatures of population III stars. Astrophys. J. <b>848<\/b>, 85 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa8c80\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa8c80\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faa8c80\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa8c80\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017ApJ...848...85J\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Connecting%20the%20first%20galaxies%20with%20ultrafaint%20dwarfs%20in%20the%20Local%20Group%3A%20chemical%20signatures%20of%20population%20III%20stars&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faa8c80&amp;volume=848&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Jeon%2CM&amp;author=Besla%2CG&amp;author=Bromm%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"44.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Rossi, M., Salvadori, S., Sk\u00falad\u00f3ttir, \u00c1., Vanni, I. &amp; Koutsouridou, I. Hidden population III descendants in ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. Astrophys. J. <b>987<\/b>, 121 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/add5e9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/add5e9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fadd5e9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/add5e9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025ApJ...987..121R\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Hidden%20population%20III%20descendants%20in%20ultrafaint%20dwarf%20galaxies&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fadd5e9&amp;volume=987&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Rossi%2CM&amp;author=Salvadori%2CS&amp;author=Sk%C3%BAlad%C3%B3ttir%2C%C3%81&amp;author=Vanni%2CI&amp;author=Koutsouridou%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"45.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Heiger, M. E. et al. Not-so-heavy metal(s): chemical abundances in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies Eridanus IV and Centaurus I. Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.11012\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.11012\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.11012<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"46.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Bosman, S. E. I. et al. Hydrogen reionization ends by z\u2009=\u20095.3: Lyman-\u03b1 optical depth measured by the XQR-30 sample. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>514<\/b>, 55\u201376 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1046\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1046\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1046\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac1046\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022MNRAS.514...55B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjtFSiur3N\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Hydrogen%20reionization%20ends%20by%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%895.3%3A%20Lyman-%CE%B1%20optical%20depth%20measured%20by%20the%20XQR-30%20sample&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1046&amp;volume=514&amp;pages=55-76&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Bosman%2CSEI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"47.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Bovill, M. S. &amp; Ricotti, M. Pre-reionization fossils, ultra-faint dwarfs, and the missing galactic satellite problem. Astrophys. J. <b>693<\/b>, 1859\u20131870 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/693\/2\/1859\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/693\/2\/1859\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F693%2F2%2F1859\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/693\/2\/1859\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2009ApJ...693.1859B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtFanu70%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pre-reionization%20fossils%2C%20ultra-faint%20dwarfs%2C%20and%20the%20missing%20galactic%20satellite%20problem&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F693%2F2%2F1859&amp;volume=693&amp;pages=1859-1870&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Bovill%2CMS&amp;author=Ricotti%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"48.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Salvadori, S. &amp; Ferrara, A. Ultra faint dwarfs: probing early cosmic star formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>395<\/b>, 6\u201310 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1745-3933.2009.00627.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1745-3933.2009.00627.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2009.00627.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1745-3933.2009.00627.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2009MNRAS.395L...6S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultra%20faint%20dwarfs%3A%20probing%20early%20cosmic%20star%20formation&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2009.00627.x&amp;volume=395&amp;pages=6-10&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Salvadori%2CS&amp;author=Ferrara%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"49.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Chieffi, A. &amp; Limongi, M. The explosive yields produced by the first generation of core collapse supernovae and the chemical composition of extremely metal poor stars. Astrophys. J. <b>577<\/b>, 281\u2013294 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/342170\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/342170\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F342170\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/342170\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2002ApJ...577..281C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotVSltr8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20explosive%20yields%20produced%20by%20the%20first%20generation%20of%20core%20collapse%20supernovae%20and%20the%20chemical%20composition%20of%20extremely%20metal%20poor%20stars&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F342170&amp;volume=577&amp;pages=281-294&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Chieffi%2CA&amp;author=Limongi%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"50.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Oke, J. B. &amp; Gunn, J. E. Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry. Astrophys. J. <b>266<\/b>, 713\u2013717 (1983).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/160817\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/160817\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F160817\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/160817\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1983ApJ...266..713O\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhtlCrurs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Secondary%20standard%20stars%20for%20absolute%20spectrophotometry&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F160817&amp;volume=266&amp;pages=713-717&amp;publication_year=1983&amp;author=Oke%2CJB&amp;author=Gunn%2CJE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"51.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., Sauval, A. J. &amp; Scott, P. The chemical composition of the Sun. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. <b>47<\/b>, 481\u2013522 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1146\/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1146\/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.46.060407.145222\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1146\/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2009ARA%26A..47..481A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1OhsLbP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20chemical%20composition%20of%20the%20Sun&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.46.060407.145222&amp;volume=47&amp;pages=481-522&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Asplund%2CM&amp;author=Grevesse%2CN&amp;author=Sauval%2CAJ&amp;author=Scott%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"52.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Vanzella, E. et al. Candidate population III stellar complex at z\u2009=\u20096.629 in the MUSE deep lensed field. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>494<\/b>, 81\u201385 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnrasl\/slaa041\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnrasl\/slaa041\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslaa041\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnrasl\/slaa041\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Candidate%20population%20III%20stellar%20complex%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%896.629%20in%20the%20MUSE%20deep%20lensed%20field&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslaa041&amp;volume=494&amp;pages=81-85&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Vanzella%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"53.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Bergamini, P. et al. New high-precision strong lensing modeling of Abell 2744. Preparing for JWST observations. Astron. Astrophys. <b>670<\/b>, 60 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202244575\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202244575\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202244575\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202244575\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=New%20high-precision%20strong%20lensing%20modeling%20of%20Abell%202744.%20Preparing%20for%20JWST%20observations&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202244575&amp;volume=670&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Bergamini%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"54.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Sanders, R. L., Shapley, A. E., Topping, M. W., Reddy, N. A. &amp; Brammer, G. B. Direct Te-based metallicities of z\u2009=\u20092\u20139 galaxies with JWST\/NIRSpec: empirical metallicity calibrations applicable from reionization to cosmic noon. Astrophys. J. <b>962<\/b>, 24 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad15fc\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad15fc\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad15fc\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad15fc\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024ApJ...962...24S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Direct%20Te-based%20metallicities%20of%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%892%E2%80%939%20galaxies%20with%20JWST%2FNIRSpec%3A%20empirical%20metallicity%20calibrations%20applicable%20from%20reionization%20to%20cosmic%20noon&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad15fc&amp;volume=962&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Sanders%2CRL&amp;author=Shapley%2CAE&amp;author=Topping%2CMW&amp;author=Reddy%2CNA&amp;author=Brammer%2CGB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"55.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Chakraborty, P. et al. Unveiling the cosmic chemistry. II. \u2018Direct\u2019 Te-based metallicity of galaxies at 3\u00a0&lt;\u00a0z\u00a0&lt;\u00a010 with JWST\/NIRSpec. Astrophys. J. <b>985<\/b>, 24 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/adc7b5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/adc7b5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fadc7b5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/adc7b5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025ApJ...985...24C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhtlaksLrL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unveiling%20the%20cosmic%20chemistry.%20II.%20%E2%80%98Direct%E2%80%99%20Te-based%20metallicity%20of%20galaxies%20at%203%C2%A0%3C%C2%A0z%C2%A0%3C%C2%A010%20with%20JWST%2FNIRSpec&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fadc7b5&amp;volume=985&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Chakraborty%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"56.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Nakajima, K. et al. EMPRESS. V. Metallicity diagnostics of galaxies over 12\u2009+\u2009log(O\/H)\u2009=\u20096.9\u20138.9 established by a local galaxy census: preparing for JWST spectroscopy. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. <b>262<\/b>, 3 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ac7710\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ac7710\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fac7710\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4365\/ac7710\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022ApJS..262....3N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXnsVGku7g%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=EMPRESS.%20V.%20Metallicity%20diagnostics%20of%20galaxies%20over%2012%E2%80%89%2B%E2%80%89log%28O%2FH%29%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%896.9%E2%80%938.9%20established%20by%20a%20local%20galaxy%20census%3A%20preparing%20for%20JWST%20spectroscopy&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.%20Suppl.%20Ser.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fac7710&amp;volume=262&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Nakajima%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"57.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Hirschmann, M., Charlot, S. &amp; Somerville, R. S. High-redshift metallicity calibrations for JWST spectra: insights from line emission in cosmological simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>526<\/b>, 3504\u20133518 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2745\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2745\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad2745\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2745\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023MNRAS.526.3504H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXkvFyitrw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=High-redshift%20metallicity%20calibrations%20for%20JWST%20spectra%3A%20insights%20from%20line%20emission%20in%20cosmological%20simulations&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad2745&amp;volume=526&amp;pages=3504-3518&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Hirschmann%2CM&amp;author=Charlot%2CS&amp;author=Somerville%2CRS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"58.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Eldridge, J. J. et al. Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: construction, observational verification, and new results. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. <b>34<\/b>, 058 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/pasa.2017.51\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/pasa.2017.51\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2Fpasa.2017.51\" aria-label=\"Article reference 58\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/pasa.2017.51\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017PASA...34...58E\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Binary%20Population%20and%20Spectral%20Synthesis%20Version%202.1%3A%20construction%2C%20observational%20verification%2C%20and%20new%20results&amp;journal=Publ.%20Astron.%20Soc.%20Aust.&amp;doi=10.1017%2Fpasa.2017.51&amp;volume=34&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Eldridge%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"59.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Stanway, E. R. &amp; Eldridge, J. J. Re-evaluating old stellar populations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>479<\/b>, 75\u201393 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1353\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1353\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty1353\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1353\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018MNRAS.479...75S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhtlKhtbjI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Re-evaluating%20old%20stellar%20populations&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty1353&amp;volume=479&amp;pages=75-93&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Stanway%2CER&amp;author=Eldridge%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"60.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Andrews, B. H. &amp; Martini, P. The mass\u2013metallicity relation with the direct method on stacked spectra of SDSS galaxies. Astrophys. J. <b>765<\/b>, 140 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/765\/2\/140\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/765\/2\/140\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F765%2F2%2F140\" aria-label=\"Article reference 60\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/765\/2\/140\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2013ApJ...765..140A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 60\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 60\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20mass%E2%80%93metallicity%20relation%20with%20the%20direct%20method%20on%20stacked%20spectra%20of%20SDSS%20galaxies&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F765%2F2%2F140&amp;volume=765&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Andrews%2CBH&amp;author=Martini%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"61.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">P\u00e9rez-Montero, E. Deriving model-based Te-consistent chemical abundances in ionized gaseous nebulae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>441<\/b>, 2663\u20132675 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stu753\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stu753\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu753\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stu753\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014MNRAS.441.2663P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Deriving%20model-based%20Te-consistent%20chemical%20abundances%20in%20ionized%20gaseous%20nebulae&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu753&amp;volume=441&amp;pages=2663-2675&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=P%C3%A9rez-Montero%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"62.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Sanders, R. L. et al. The MOSDEF survey: direct-method metallicities and ISM conditions at z\u2009~\u20091.5\u20133.5. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>491<\/b>, 1427\u20131455 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stz3032\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stz3032\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz3032\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stz3032\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020MNRAS.491.1427S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitleis7fO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20MOSDEF%20survey%3A%20direct-method%20metallicities%20and%20ISM%20conditions%20at%20z%E2%80%89~%E2%80%891.5%E2%80%933.5&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz3032&amp;volume=491&amp;pages=1427-1455&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Sanders%2CRL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"63.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Nishigaki, M. et al. DREAMS.II. Galaxy demographics from direct Te-based metallicities at z~2\u201310: tracing the evolution of the mass-metallicity and fundamental relations. Preprint at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2512.12983\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.48550\/arXiv.2512.12983\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2512.12983<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"64.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Morishita, T. et al. Diverse oxygen abundance in early galaxies unveiled by auroral line analysis with JWST. Astrophys. J. <b>971<\/b>, 43 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad5290\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad5290\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad5290\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad5290\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024ApJ...971...43M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXis1Wnur%2FF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diverse%20oxygen%20abundance%20in%20early%20galaxies%20unveiled%20by%20auroral%20line%20analysis%20with%20JWST&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad5290&amp;volume=971&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Morishita%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"65.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Sarkar, A. et al. Unveiling the cosmic chemistry: revisiting the mass\u2013metallicity relation with JWST\/NIRSpec at 4\u00a0&lt;\u00a0z\u00a0&lt;\u00a010. Astrophys. J. <b>978<\/b>, 136 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad8f32\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad8f32\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad8f32\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad8f32\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025ApJ...978..136S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unveiling%20the%20cosmic%20chemistry%3A%20revisiting%20the%20mass%E2%80%93metallicity%20relation%20with%20JWST%2FNIRSpec%20at%204%C2%A0%3C%C2%A0z%C2%A0%3C%C2%A010&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad8f32&amp;volume=978&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Sarkar%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"66.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Venturi, G. et al. Gas-phase metallicity gradients in galaxies at z\u00a0~\u20096\u20138. Astron. Astrophys. <b>691<\/b>, 19 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202449855\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202449855\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202449855\" aria-label=\"Article reference 66\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202449855\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 66\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Gas-phase%20metallicity%20gradients%20in%20galaxies%20at%20z%C2%A0~%E2%80%896%E2%80%938&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202449855&amp;volume=691&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Venturi%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"67.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Marconcini, C. et al. GA-NIFS: the interplay between merger, star formation, and chemical enrichment in MACS1149-JD1 at z\u2009=\u20099.11 with JWST\/NIRSpec. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>533<\/b>, 2488\u20132501 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae1971\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae1971\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae1971\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae1971\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024MNRAS.533.2488M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhvValurg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=GA-NIFS%3A%20the%20interplay%20between%20merger%2C%20star%20formation%2C%20and%20chemical%20enrichment%20in%20MACS1149-JD1%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%899.11%20with%20JWST%2FNIRSpec&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae1971&amp;volume=533&amp;pages=2488-2501&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Marconcini%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"68.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Williams, H. et al. A magnified compact galaxy at redshift 9.51 with strong nebular emission lines. Science <b>380<\/b>, 416\u2013420 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.adf5307\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.adf5307\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.adf5307\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.adf5307\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Sci...380..416W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXovFehtbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37053263\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20magnified%20compact%20galaxy%20at%20redshift%209.51%20with%20strong%20nebular%20emission%20lines&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.adf5307&amp;volume=380&amp;pages=416-420&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Williams%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"69.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Schaerer, D., Marques-Chaves, R., Xiao, M. &amp; Korber, D. Discovery of a new N-emitter in the epoch of reionization. Astron. Astrophys. <b>687<\/b>, 11 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450721\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450721\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202450721\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202450721\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024A%26A...687L..11S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Discovery%20of%20a%20new%20N-emitter%20in%20the%20epoch%20of%20reionization&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202450721&amp;volume=687&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Schaerer%2CD&amp;author=Marques-Chaves%2CR&amp;author=Xiao%2CM&amp;author=Korber%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"70.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Mowla, L. et al. Formation of a low-mass galaxy from star clusters in a 600-million-year-old Universe. Nature <b>636<\/b>, 332\u2013336 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08293-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08293-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08293-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 70\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08293-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024Natur.636..332M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXislKnu77N\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39663487\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11634762\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 70\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Formation%20of%20a%20low-mass%20galaxy%20from%20star%20clusters%20in%20a%20600-million-year-old%20Universe&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08293-0&amp;volume=636&amp;pages=332-336&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Mowla%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"71.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Cullen, F. et al. The JWST EXCELS survey: an extremely metal-poor galaxy at z = 8.271 hosting an unusual population of massive stars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>540<\/b>, 2176\u20132194 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"72.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Willott, C. J. et al. In search of the first stars: an ultra-compact and very low metallicity Lyman-\u03b1 emitter deep within the epoch of reionization. Astrophys. J. <b>988<\/b>, 26 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"73.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">P\u00e9rez-Montero, E. &amp; Amor\u00edn, R. Using photo-ionisation models to derive carbon and oxygen gas-phase abundances in the rest UV. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>467<\/b>, 1287\u20131293 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017MNRAS.467.1287P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 73\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Using%20photo-ionisation%20models%20to%20derive%20carbon%20and%20oxygen%20gas-phase%20abundances%20in%20the%20rest%20UV&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;volume=467&amp;pages=1287-1293&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=P%C3%A9rez-Montero%2CE&amp;author=Amor%C3%ADn%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"74.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Arellano-C\u00f3rdova, K. Z. et al. A first look at the abundance pattern\u2014O\/H, C\/O, and Ne\/O-in z\u2009&gt;\u20097 galaxies with JWST\/NIRSpec. Astrophys. J. <b>940<\/b>, 23 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac9ab2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac9ab2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac9ab2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 74\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac9ab2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 74\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20first%20look%20at%20the%20abundance%20pattern%E2%80%94O%2FH%2C%20C%2FO%2C%20and%20Ne%2FO-in%20z%E2%80%89%3E%E2%80%897%20galaxies%20with%20JWST%2FNIRSpec&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac9ab2&amp;volume=940&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Arellano-C%C3%B3rdova%2CKZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"75.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Jones, T. et al. Early results from GLASS-JWST. XXI. Rapid asembly of a galaxy at z\u2009=\u20096.23 revealed by its C\/O abundance. Astrophys. J. <b>951<\/b>, 17 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/acd938\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/acd938\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Facd938\" aria-label=\"Article reference 75\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/acd938\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023ApJ...951...67C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 75\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Early%20results%20from%20GLASS-JWST.%20XXI.%20Rapid%20asembly%20of%20a%20galaxy%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%896.23%20revealed%20by%20its%20C%2FO%20abundance&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Facd938&amp;volume=951&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Jones%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"76.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Isobe, Y. et al. JWST identification of extremely low C\/N galaxies with [N\/O] \u22730.5 at z\u2009\u223c\u20096\u201310 evidencing the early CNO-cycle enrichment and a connection with globular cluster formation. Astrophys. J. <b>959<\/b>, 100 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad09be\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad09be\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad09be\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad09be\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023ApJ...959..100I\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXit1Gis7rI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JWST%20identification%20of%20extremely%20low%20C%2FN%20galaxies%20with%20%5BN%2FO%5D%20%E2%89%B30.5%20at%20z%E2%80%89%E2%88%BC%E2%80%896%E2%80%9310%20evidencing%20the%20early%20CNO-cycle%20enrichment%20and%20a%20connection%20with%20globular%20cluster%20formation&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad09be&amp;volume=959&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Isobe%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"77.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Stiavelli, M. et al. The puzzling properties of the MACS1149-JD1 galaxy at z\u2009=\u20099.11. Astrophys. J. <b>957<\/b>, 18 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ad0159\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ad0159\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fad0159\" aria-label=\"Article reference 77\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ad0159\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023ApJ...951...18M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 77\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20puzzling%20properties%20of%20the%20MACS1149-JD1%20galaxy%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%899.11&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fad0159&amp;volume=957&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Stiavelli%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"78.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Castellano, M. et al. JWST NIRSpec spectroscopy of the remarkable bright galaxy GHZ2\/GLASS-z12 at redshift 12.34. Astrophys. J. <b>972<\/b>, 143 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad5f88\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad5f88\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad5f88\" aria-label=\"Article reference 78\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad5f88\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024ApJ...972..143C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXislCns7fE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 78\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JWST%20NIRSpec%20spectroscopy%20of%20the%20remarkable%20bright%20galaxy%20GHZ2%2FGLASS-z12%20at%20redshift%2012.34&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fad5f88&amp;volume=972&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Castellano%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"79.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR79\">Topping, M. W. et al. Metal-poor star formation at z\u00a0&gt;\u00a06 with JWST: new insight into hard radiation fields and nitrogen enrichment on 20\u2009pc scales. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>529<\/b>, 3301\u20133322 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae682\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae682\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae682\" aria-label=\"Article reference 79\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stae682\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024MNRAS.529.3301T\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXlsFGitLg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 79\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metal-poor%20star%20formation%20at%20z%C2%A0%3E%C2%A06%20with%20JWST%3A%20new%20insight%20into%20hard%20radiation%20fields%20and%20nitrogen%20enrichment%20on%2020%E2%80%89pc%20scales&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae682&amp;volume=529&amp;pages=3301-3322&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Topping%2CMW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"80.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR80\">Hsiao, T. Y.-Y. et al. First direct carbon abundance measured at z\u2009&gt;\u200910 in the lensed galaxy MACS0647-JD. Astrophys. J. <b>993<\/b>, 70 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ae07d7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ae07d7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fae07d7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 80\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ae07d7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025ApJ...993...70H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXivV2nurfF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 80\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=First%20direct%20carbon%20abundance%20measured%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3E%E2%80%8910%20in%20the%20lensed%20galaxy%20MACS0647-JD&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fae07d7&amp;volume=993&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Hsiao%2CTY-Y\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"81.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR81\">Curti, M. et al. JADES: the star formation and chemical enrichment history of a luminous galaxy at z\u00a0~\u20099.43 probed by ultra-deep JWST\/NIRSpec spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. <b>697<\/b>, 89 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451410\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451410\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451410\" aria-label=\"Article reference 81\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202451410\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 81\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=JADES%3A%20the%20star%20formation%20and%20chemical%20enrichment%20history%20of%20a%20luminous%20galaxy%20at%20z%C2%A0~%E2%80%899.43%20probed%20by%20ultra-deep%20JWST%2FNIRSpec%20spectroscopy&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451410&amp;volume=697&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Curti%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"82.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR82\">Carniani, S. et al. The eventful life of a luminous galaxy at z\u2009=\u200914: metal enrichment, feedback, and low gas fraction? Astron. Astrophys. <b>696<\/b>, 87 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202452451\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202452451\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202452451\" aria-label=\"Article reference 82\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202452451\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 82\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20eventful%20life%20of%20a%20luminous%20galaxy%20at%20z%E2%80%89%3D%E2%80%8914%3A%20metal%20enrichment%2C%20feedback%2C%20and%20low%20gas%20fraction%3F&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202452451&amp;volume=696&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Carniani%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"83.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR83\">Cooke, R. J., Pettini, M. &amp; Steidel, C. C. Discovery of the most metal-poor damped Lyman-\u03b1 system. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>467<\/b>, 802\u2013811 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017MNRAS.467..802C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 83\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXit1yns73J\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 83\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 83\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Discovery%20of%20the%20most%20metal-poor%20damped%20Lyman-%CE%B1%20system&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;volume=467&amp;pages=802-811&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Cooke%2CRJ&amp;author=Pettini%2CM&amp;author=Steidel%2CCC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"84.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR84\">Gustafsson, B., Karlsson, T., Olsson, E., Edvardsson, B. &amp; Ryde, N. The origin of carbon, investigated by spectral analysis of solar-type stars in the Galactic disk. Astron. Astrophys. <b>342<\/b>, 426\u2013439 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1999A%26A...342..426G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXht1Gqs7s%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 84\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20origin%20of%20carbon%2C%20investigated%20by%20spectral%20analysis%20of%20solar-type%20stars%20in%20the%20Galactic%20disk&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;volume=342&amp;pages=426-439&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Gustafsson%2CB&amp;author=Karlsson%2CT&amp;author=Olsson%2CE&amp;author=Edvardsson%2CB&amp;author=Ryde%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"85.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR85\">Spite, M. et al. First stars. VI. Abundances of C, N, O, Li, and mixing in extremely metal-poor giants. Galactic evolution of the light elements. Astron. Astrophys. <b>430<\/b>, 655\u2013668 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20041274\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20041274\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20041274\" aria-label=\"Article reference 85\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361:20041274\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2005A%26A...430..655S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXit1yls7k%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 85\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=First%20stars.%20VI.%20Abundances%20of%20C%2C%20N%2C%20O%2C%20Li%2C%20and%20mixing%20in%20extremely%20metal-poor%20giants.%20Galactic%20evolution%20of%20the%20light%20elements&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20041274&amp;volume=430&amp;pages=655-668&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Spite%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"86.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR86\">Bensby, T. &amp; Feltzing, S. The origin and chemical evolution of carbon in the Galactic thin and thick discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>367<\/b>, 1181\u20131193 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2006.10037.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2006.10037.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.10037.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 86\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2006.10037.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2006MNRAS.367.1181B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvFylsr0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 86\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20origin%20and%20chemical%20evolution%20of%20carbon%20in%20the%20Galactic%20thin%20and%20thick%20discs&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.10037.x&amp;volume=367&amp;pages=1181-1193&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Bensby%2CT&amp;author=Feltzing%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"87.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR87\">Fabbian, D., Nissen, P. E., Asplund, M., Pettini, M. &amp; Akerman, C. The C\/O ratio at low metallicity: constraints on early chemical evolution from observations of Galactic halo stars. Astron. Astrophys. <b>500<\/b>, 1143\u20131155 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200810095\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200810095\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F200810095\" aria-label=\"Article reference 87\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200810095\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2009A%26A...500.1143F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFagtLjN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 87\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20C%2FO%20ratio%20at%20low%20metallicity%3A%20constraints%20on%20early%20chemical%20evolution%20from%20observations%20of%20Galactic%20halo%20stars&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F200810095&amp;volume=500&amp;pages=1143-1155&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Fabbian%2CD&amp;author=Nissen%2CPE&amp;author=Asplund%2CM&amp;author=Pettini%2CM&amp;author=Akerman%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"88.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR88\">Nissen, P. E., Chen, Y. Q., Carigi, L., Schuster, W. J. &amp; Zhao, G. Carbon and oxygen abundances in stellar populations. Astron. Astrophys. <b>568<\/b>, 25 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201424184\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201424184\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201424184\" aria-label=\"Article reference 88\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201424184\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014A%26A...568A..25N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 88\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 88\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Carbon%20and%20oxygen%20abundances%20in%20stellar%20populations&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201424184&amp;volume=568&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Nissen%2CPE&amp;author=Chen%2CYQ&amp;author=Carigi%2CL&amp;author=Schuster%2CWJ&amp;author=Zhao%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"89.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR89\">Frebel, A., Simon, J. D. &amp; Kirby, E. N. Segue 1: an unevolved fossil galaxy from the early Universe. Astrophys. J. <b>786<\/b>, 74 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/786\/1\/74\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/786\/1\/74\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F786%2F1%2F74\" aria-label=\"Article reference 89\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/786\/1\/74\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014ApJ...786...74F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 89\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Segue%201%3A%20an%20unevolved%20fossil%20galaxy%20from%20the%20early%20Universe&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F786%2F1%2F74&amp;volume=786&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Frebel%2CA&amp;author=Simon%2CJD&amp;author=Kirby%2CEN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"90.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR90\">Tsujimoto, T. &amp; Shigeyama, T. Enrichment history of r-process elements shaped by a merger of neutron star pairs. Astron. Astrophys. <b>565<\/b>, 5 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201423751\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201423751\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201423751\" aria-label=\"Article reference 90\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201423751\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014A%26A...565L...5T\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 90\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enrichment%20history%20of%20r-process%20elements%20shaped%20by%20a%20merger%20of%20neutron%20star%20pairs&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201423751&amp;volume=565&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Tsujimoto%2CT&amp;author=Shigeyama%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"91.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR91\">Ferland, G. J. et al. CLOUDY 90: numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. <b>110<\/b>, 761\u2013778 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/316190\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/316190\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F316190\" aria-label=\"Article reference 91\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/316190\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1998PASP..110..761F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 91\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=CLOUDY%2090%3A%20numerical%20simulation%20of%20plasmas%20and%20their%20spectra&amp;journal=Publ.%20Astron.%20Soc.%20Pac.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F316190&amp;volume=110&amp;pages=761-778&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Ferland%2CGJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"92.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR92\">Ferland, G. J. et al. The 2013 release of Cloudy. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrof\u00eds. <b>49<\/b>, 137\u2013163 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2013RMxAA..49..137F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnslehur4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 92\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%202013%20release%20of%20Cloudy&amp;journal=Rev.%20Mex.%20Astron.%20Astrof%C3%ADs.&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=137-163&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Ferland%2CGJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"93.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR93\">Dopita, M. A. et al. Modeling the pan-spectral energy distribution of starburst galaxies. III. Emission line diagnostics of ensembles of evolving H II regions. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. <b>167<\/b>, 177\u2013200 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/508261\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/508261\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F508261\" aria-label=\"Article reference 93\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/508261\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2006ApJS..167..177D\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXksl2nuw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 93\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Modeling%20the%20pan-spectral%20energy%20distribution%20of%20starburst%20galaxies.%20III.%20Emission%20line%20diagnostics%20of%20ensembles%20of%20evolving%20H%20II%20regions&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.%20Suppl.%20Ser.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F508261&amp;volume=167&amp;pages=177-200&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Dopita%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"94.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR94\">Jenkins, E. B. A unified representation of gas-phase element depletions in the interstellar medium. Astrophys. J. <b>700<\/b>, 1299\u20131348 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/700\/2\/1299\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/700\/2\/1299\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F700%2F2%2F1299\" aria-label=\"Article reference 94\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/0004-637X\/700\/2\/1299\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2009ApJ...700.1299J\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVeru7vF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 94\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20unified%20representation%20of%20gas-phase%20element%20depletions%20in%20the%20interstellar%20medium&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F700%2F2%2F1299&amp;volume=700&amp;pages=1299-1348&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Jenkins%2CEB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"95.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR95\">van Hoof, P. A. M., Weingartner, J. C., Martin, P. G., Volk, K. &amp; Ferland, G. J. Grain size distributions and photoelectric heating in ionized media. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>350<\/b>, 1330\u20131341 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2004.07734.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2004.07734.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07734.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 95\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2004.07734.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2004MNRAS.350.1330V\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 95\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Grain%20size%20distributions%20and%20photoelectric%20heating%20in%20ionized%20media&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07734.x&amp;volume=350&amp;pages=1330-1341&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Hoof%2CPAM&amp;author=Weingartner%2CJC&amp;author=Martin%2CPG&amp;author=Volk%2CK&amp;author=Ferland%2CGJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"96.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR96\">Nakajima, K. Reduced JWST\/NIRSpec spectrum for \u2018An ultra-faint, chemically primitive galaxy forming in the reionization era\u2019. Zenodo <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18831461\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5281\/zenodo.18831461\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18831461<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"97.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR97\">Astropy Collaboration Astropy: a community Python package for astronomy. Astron. Astrophys. <b>558<\/b>, 33 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201322068\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201322068\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322068\" aria-label=\"Article reference 97\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201322068\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 97\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Astropy%3A%20a%20community%20Python%20package%20for%20astronomy&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322068&amp;volume=558&amp;publication_year=2013\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"98.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR98\">Astropy Collaboration The Astropy project: building an open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package. Astron. J. <b>156<\/b>, 123 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aabc4f\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aabc4f\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faabc4f\" aria-label=\"Article reference 98\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-3881\/aabc4f\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018AJ....156..123A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 98\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 98\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Astropy%20project%3A%20building%20an%20open-science%20project%20and%20status%20of%20the%20v2.0%20core%20package&amp;journal=Astron.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faabc4f&amp;volume=156&amp;publication_year=2018\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"99.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR99\">Astropy Collaboration The Astropy project: sustaining and growing a community-oriented open-source project and the latest major release (v5.0) of the core package. Astrophys. J. <b>935<\/b>, 167 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac7c74\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac7c74\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac7c74\" aria-label=\"Article reference 99\" data-doi=\"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac7c74\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022ApJ...935..167A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 99\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 99\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Astropy%20project%3A%20sustaining%20and%20growing%20a%20community-oriented%20open-source%20project%20and%20the%20latest%20major%20release%20%28v5.0%29%20of%20the%20core%20package&amp;journal=Astrophys.%20J.&amp;doi=10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac7c74&amp;volume=935&amp;publication_year=2022\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"100.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR100\">Luridiana, V., Morisset, C. &amp; Shaw, R. A. PyNeb: a new tool for analyzing emission lines. I. Code description and validation of results. Astron. Astrophys. <b>573<\/b>, 42 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201323152\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201323152\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201323152\" aria-label=\"Article reference 100\" data-doi=\"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201323152\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015A%26A...573A..42L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 100\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 100\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=PyNeb%3A%20a%20new%20tool%20for%20analyzing%20emission%20lines.%20I.%20Code%20description%20and%20validation%20of%20results&amp;journal=Astron.%20Astrophys.&amp;doi=10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201323152&amp;volume=573&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Luridiana%2CV&amp;author=Morisset%2CC&amp;author=Shaw%2CRA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"101.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR101\">Gessey-Jones, T. et al. Impact of the primordial stellar initial mass function on the 21-cm signal. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. <b>516<\/b>, 841\u2013860 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac2049\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac2049\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac2049\" aria-label=\"Article reference 101\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/mnras\/stac2049\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022MNRAS.516..841G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXosV2gsr4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 101\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Impact%20of%20the%20primordial%20stellar%20initial%20mass%20function%20on%20the%2021-cm%20signal&amp;journal=Mon.%20Not.%20R.%20Astron.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac2049&amp;volume=516&amp;pages=841-860&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Gessey-Jones%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Nakajima, K. &amp; Maiolino, R. Diagnostics for PopIII galaxies and direct collapse black holes in the early Universe.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":483478,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[9697,18,40871,1099,19,17,1100,133],"class_list":{"0":"post-483477","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science","8":"tag-early-universe","9":"tag-eire","10":"tag-galaxies-and-clusters","11":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","12":"tag-ie","13":"tag-ireland","14":"tag-multidisciplinary","15":"tag-science"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@ie\/116570220627298264","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/483477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=483477"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/483477\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/483478"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=483477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=483477"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=483477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}