{"id":549774,"date":"2026-06-23T09:24:20","date_gmt":"2026-06-23T09:24:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/549774\/"},"modified":"2026-06-23T09:24:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T09:24:20","slug":"creases-as-information-bottlenecks-in-active-elastic-sheets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/549774\/","title":{"rendered":"Creases as information bottlenecks in active elastic sheets"},"content":{"rendered":"<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"1.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Odell, G. M., Oster, G., Alberch, P. &amp; Burnside, B. The mechanical basis of morphogenesis: I. Epithelial folding and invagination. Dev. Biol. <b>85<\/b>, 446\u2013462 (1981).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20mechanical%20basis%20of%20morphogenesis%3A%20I.%20Epithelial%20folding%20and%20invagination&amp;journal=Dev.%20Biol.&amp;volume=85&amp;pages=446-462&amp;publication_year=1981&amp;author=Odell%2CGM&amp;author=Oster%2CG&amp;author=Alberch%2CP&amp;author=Burnside%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"2.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Dawes-Hoang, R. E. et al. folded gastrulation, cell shape change and the control of myosin localization. Development <b>132<\/b>, 4165\u20134178 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=folded%20gastrulation%2C%20cell%20shape%20change%20and%20the%20control%20of%20myosin%20localization&amp;journal=Development&amp;volume=132&amp;pages=4165-4178&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Dawes-Hoang%2CRE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"3.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Martin, A. C. &amp; Goldstein, B. Apical constriction: themes and variations on a cellular mechanism driving morphogenesis. Development <b>141<\/b>, 1987\u20131998 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Apical%20constriction%3A%20themes%20and%20variations%20on%20a%20cellular%20mechanism%20driving%20morphogenesis&amp;journal=Development&amp;volume=141&amp;pages=1987-1998&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Martin%2CAC&amp;author=Goldstein%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"4.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Tozluoglu, M. et al. Planar differential growth rates initiate precise fold positions in complex epithelia. Dev. Cell <b>51<\/b>, 299\u20133124 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Planar%20differential%20growth%20rates%20initiate%20precise%20fold%20positions%20in%20complex%20epithelia&amp;journal=Dev.%20Cell&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=299-3124&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Tozluoglu%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"5.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Savin, T. et al. On the growth and form of the gut. Nature <b>476<\/b>, 57\u201362 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2011Natur.476...57S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20growth%20and%20form%20of%20the%20gut&amp;journal=Nature&amp;volume=476&amp;pages=57-62&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Savin%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"6.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Collinet, C. &amp; Lecuit, T. Programmed and self-organized flow of information during morphogenesis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. <b>22<\/b>, 245\u2013265 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Programmed%20and%20self-organized%20flow%20of%20information%20during%20morphogenesis&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Mol.%20Cell%20Biol.&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=245-265&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Collinet%2CC&amp;author=Lecuit%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"7.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Inoue, Y., Tateo, I. &amp; Adachi, T. Epithelial tissue folding pattern in confined geometry. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. <b>19<\/b>, 815\u2013822 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Epithelial%20tissue%20folding%20pattern%20in%20confined%20geometry&amp;journal=Biomech.%20Model.%20Mechanobiol.&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=815-822&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Inoue%2CY&amp;author=Tateo%2CI&amp;author=Adachi%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"8.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">M\u00fcnster, S. et al. Attachment of the blastoderm to the vitelline envelope affects gastrulation of insects. Nature <b>568<\/b>, 395\u2013399 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019Natur.568..395M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Attachment%20of%20the%20blastoderm%20to%20the%20vitelline%20envelope%20affects%20gastrulation%20of%20insects&amp;journal=Nature&amp;volume=568&amp;pages=395-399&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=M%C3%BCnster%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"9.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Sui, L. et al. Differential lateral and basal tension drive folding of Drosophila wing discs through two distinct mechanisms. Nat. Commun. <b>9<\/b>, 4620 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018NatCo...9.4620S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Differential%20lateral%20and%20basal%20tension%20drive%20folding%20of%20Drosophila%20wing%20discs%20through%20two%20distinct%20mechanisms&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Sui%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"10.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Akula, S. K., Exposito-Alonso, D. &amp; Walsh, C. A. Shaping the brain: the emergence of cortical structure and folding. Dev. Cell <b>58<\/b>, 2836\u20132849 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Shaping%20the%20brain%3A%20the%20emergence%20of%20cortical%20structure%20and%20folding&amp;journal=Dev.%20Cell&amp;volume=58&amp;pages=2836-2849&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Akula%2CSK&amp;author=Exposito-Alonso%2CD&amp;author=Walsh%2CCA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"11.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Nikolopoulou, E., Galea, G. L., Rolo, A., Greene, N. D. E. &amp; Copp, A. J. Neural tube closure: cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms. Development <b>144<\/b>, 552\u2013566 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Neural%20tube%20closure%3A%20cellular%2C%20molecular%20and%20biomechanical%20mechanisms&amp;journal=Development&amp;volume=144&amp;pages=552-566&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Nikolopoulou%2CE&amp;author=Galea%2CGL&amp;author=Rolo%2CA&amp;author=Greene%2CNDE&amp;author=Copp%2CAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"12.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Schenk, M. et al. Origami folding: a structural engineering approach. Origami <b>5<\/b>, 291\u2013304 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Origami%20folding%3A%20a%20structural%20engineering%20approach&amp;journal=Origami&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=291-304&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Schenk%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"13.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">McShane, S. G. et al. Cellular basis of neuroepithelial bending during mouse spinal neural tube closure. Dev. Biol. <b>404<\/b>, 113\u2013124 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cellular%20basis%20of%20neuroepithelial%20bending%20during%20mouse%20spinal%20neural%20tube%20closure&amp;journal=Dev.%20Biol.&amp;volume=404&amp;pages=113-124&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=McShane%2CSG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"14.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Yue, S. A review of origami-based deployable structures in aerospace engineering. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. <b>2459<\/b>, 012137 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20review%20of%20origami-based%20deployable%20structures%20in%20aerospace%20engineering&amp;journal=J.%20Phys.%20Conf.%20Ser.&amp;volume=2459&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Yue%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"15.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Andrejevic, J., Lee, L. M., Rubinstein, S. M. &amp; Rycroft, C. H. A model for the fragmentation kinetics of crumpled thin sheets. Nat. Commun. <b>12<\/b>, 1470 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1470A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20model%20for%20the%20fragmentation%20kinetics%20of%20crumpled%20thin%20sheets&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Andrejevic%2CJ&amp;author=Lee%2CLM&amp;author=Rubinstein%2CSM&amp;author=Rycroft%2CCH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"16.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Aharoni, H. &amp; Sharon, E. Direct observation of the temporal and spatial dynamics during crumpling. Nat. Mater. <b>9<\/b>, 993\u2013997 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Direct%20observation%20of%20the%20temporal%20and%20spatial%20dynamics%20during%20crumpling&amp;journal=Nat.%20Mater.&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=993-997&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Aharoni%2CH&amp;author=Sharon%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"17.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Gottesman, O., Andrejevic, J., Rycroft, C. H. &amp; Rubinstein, S. M. A state variable for crumpled thin sheets. Commun. Phys. <b>1<\/b>, 70 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20state%20variable%20for%20crumpled%20thin%20sheets&amp;journal=Commun.%20Phys.&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Gottesman%2CO&amp;author=Andrejevic%2CJ&amp;author=Rycroft%2CCH&amp;author=Rubinstein%2CSM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"18.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Leal, F. C. B. &amp; Gomes, M. A. F. Unfolding of crumpled thin sheets. Phys. Rev. E <b>106<\/b>, 025002 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022PhRvE.106b5002L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unfolding%20of%20crumpled%20thin%20sheets&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20E&amp;volume=106&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Leal%2CFCB&amp;author=Gomes%2CMAF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"19.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Davidovitch, B. &amp; D\u00e9mery, V. Rucks and folds: delamination from a flat rigid substrate under uniaxial compression. Eur. Phys. J. E <b>44<\/b>, 11 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Rucks%20and%20folds%3A%20delamination%20from%20a%20flat%20rigid%20substrate%20under%20uniaxial%20compression&amp;journal=Eur.%20Phys.%20J.%20E&amp;volume=44&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Davidovitch%2CB&amp;author=D%C3%A9mery%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"20.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Box, F. et al. Dynamics of wrinkling in ultrathin elastic sheets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA <b>116<\/b>, 20875\u201320880 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019PNAS..11620875B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=4025860\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dynamics%20of%20wrinkling%20in%20ultrathin%20elastic%20sheets&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=116&amp;pages=20875-20880&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Box%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"21.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Liu, S. et al. Conformability of flexible sheets on spherical surfaces. Sci. Adv. <b>9<\/b>, 2709 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Conformability%20of%20flexible%20sheets%20on%20spherical%20surfaces&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Liu%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"22.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Fouchard, J. et al. Curling of epithelial monolayers reveals coupling between active bending and tissue tension. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA <b>117<\/b>, 9377\u20139383 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020PNAS..117.9377F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Curling%20of%20epithelial%20monolayers%20reveals%20coupling%20between%20active%20bending%20and%20tissue%20tension&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=117&amp;pages=9377-9383&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Fouchard%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"23.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Schmalholz, S. M. &amp; Schmid, D. W. Folding in power-law viscous multi-layers. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A <b>370<\/b>, 1798\u20131826 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2012RSPTA.370.1798S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Folding%20in%20power-law%20viscous%20multi-layers&amp;journal=Phil.%20Trans.%20R.%20Soc.%20A&amp;volume=370&amp;pages=1798-1826&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Schmalholz%2CSM&amp;author=Schmid%2CDW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"24.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Peraza Hernandez, H. D., Edwin, A. &amp; Lagoudas, D. Active Origami: Modeling, Designs, and Applications (Springer, 2019).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"25.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Mu, J. et al. Origami-inspired active graphene-based paper for programmable instant self-folding walking devices. Sci. Adv. <b>1<\/b>, 1500533 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015SciA....1E0533M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Origami-inspired%20active%20graphene-based%20paper%20for%20programmable%20instant%20self-folding%20walking%20devices&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Mu%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"26.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Sato, Y., Terashima, S. &amp; Iwase, E. Origami-type flexible thermoelectric generator fabricated by self-folding. Micromachines <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi14010218\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/mi14010218\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi14010218<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"27.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Leanza, S., Wu, S., Sun, X., Qi, H. J. &amp; Zhao, R. R. Active materials for functional origami. Adv. Mater. <b>36<\/b>, 2302066 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Active%20materials%20for%20functional%20origami&amp;journal=Adv.%20Mater.&amp;volume=36&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Leanza%2CS&amp;author=Wu%2CS&amp;author=Sun%2CX&amp;author=Qi%2CHJ&amp;author=Zhao%2CRR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"28.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Ge, Q., Dunn, C. K., Qi, H. J. &amp; Dunn, M. L. Active origami by 4D printing. Smart Mater. Struct. <b>23<\/b>, 094007 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014SMaS...23i4007G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Active%20origami%20by%204D%20printing&amp;journal=Smart%20Mater.%20Struct.&amp;volume=23&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Ge%2CQ&amp;author=Dunn%2CCK&amp;author=Qi%2CHJ&amp;author=Dunn%2CML\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"29.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Felton, S., Tolley, M., Demaine, E., Rus, D. &amp; Wood, R. A method for building self-folding machines. Science <b>345<\/b>, 644\u2013646 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014Sci...345..644F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20method%20for%20building%20self-folding%20machines&amp;journal=Science&amp;volume=345&amp;pages=644-646&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Felton%2CS&amp;author=Tolley%2CM&amp;author=Demaine%2CE&amp;author=Rus%2CD&amp;author=Wood%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"30.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Liu, Y., Shaw, B., Dickey, M. D. &amp; Genzer, J. Sequential self-folding of polymer sheets. Sci. Adv. <b>3<\/b>, 1602417 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017SciA....3E2417L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sequential%20self-folding%20of%20polymer%20sheets&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Liu%2CY&amp;author=Shaw%2CB&amp;author=Dickey%2CMD&amp;author=Genzer%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"31.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Randall, C. L., Gultepe, E. &amp; Gracias, D. H. Self-folding devices and materials for biomedical applications. Trends Biotechnol. <b>30<\/b>, 138\u2013146 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Self-folding%20devices%20and%20materials%20for%20biomedical%20applications&amp;journal=Trends%20Biotechnol.&amp;volume=30&amp;pages=138-146&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Randall%2CCL&amp;author=Gultepe%2CE&amp;author=Gracias%2CDH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"32.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Novelino, L. S., Ze, Q., Wu, S., Paulino, G. H. &amp; Zhao, R. Untethered control of functional origami microrobots with distributed actuation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA<b>17<\/b>, 24096\u201324101 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020PNAS..11724096N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Untethered%20control%20of%20functional%20origami%20microrobots%20with%20distributed%20actuation&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=24096-24101&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Novelino%2CLS&amp;author=Ze%2CQ&amp;author=Wu%2CS&amp;author=Paulino%2CGH&amp;author=Zhao%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"33.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Zartman, J. J. &amp; Shvartsman, S. Y. Unit operations of tissue development: epithelial folding. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. <b>1<\/b>, 231\u2013246 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unit%20operations%20of%20tissue%20development%3A%20epithelial%20folding&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Chem.%20Biomol.%20Eng.&amp;volume=1&amp;pages=231-246&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Zartman%2CJJ&amp;author=Shvartsman%2CSY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"34.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Brannon, C. M. &amp; Prakash, M. Cilia-driven epithelial folding and unfolding in an early diverging animal. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA <b>122<\/b>, 2517741122 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cilia-driven%20epithelial%20folding%20and%20unfolding%20in%20an%20early%20diverging%20animal&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=122&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Brannon%2CCM&amp;author=Prakash%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"35.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Smith, C. L. et al. Novel cell types, neurosecretory cells, and body plan of the early-diverging metazoan trichoplax adhaerens. Curr. Biol. <b>24<\/b>, 1565\u20131572 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Novel%20cell%20types%2C%20neurosecretory%20cells%2C%20and%20body%20plan%20of%20the%20early-diverging%20metazoan%20trichoplax%20adhaerens&amp;journal=Curr.%20Biol.&amp;volume=24&amp;pages=1565-1572&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Smith%2CCL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"36.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Bull, M.S., Prakash, V.N. &amp; Prakash, M. Ciliary flocking and emergent instabilities enable collective agility in a non-neuromuscular animal. Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.02934\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.02934\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.02934<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"37.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Davidescu, M. R., Romanczuk, P., Gregor, T. &amp; Couzin, I. D. Growth produces coordination trade-offs in Trichoplax adhaerens, an animal lacking a central nervous system. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA <b>120<\/b>, 2206163120 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Growth%20produces%20coordination%20trade-offs%20in%20Trichoplax%20adhaerens%2C%20an%20animal%20lacking%20a%20central%20nervous%20system&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=120&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Davidescu%2CMR&amp;author=Romanczuk%2CP&amp;author=Gregor%2CT&amp;author=Couzin%2CID\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"38.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Pieranski, P., Godinho, M.H. Collisions of monopoles, disclinations and dislocations. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-024-01253-9\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-024-01253-9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-024-01253-9<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"39.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Bull, M. S., Kroo, L. A. &amp; Prakash, M. Excitable mechanics embodied in a walking cilium. Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.02930\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.02930\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.02930<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"40.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Madhu, G.et al. in Advancements in Optical Methods, Digital Image Correlation &amp; Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials Vol. 2 (eds Hwang, C.-H., Shaw, G. A., Fujigaki, M., Kasza, K. &amp; McGhee, A.) 83\u201388 (Springer, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"41.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Prakash, V. N., Bull, M. S. &amp; Prakash, M. Motility-induced fracture reveals a ductile-to-brittle crossover in a simple animal\u2019s epithelia. Nat. Phys. <b>17<\/b>, 504\u2013511 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Motility-induced%20fracture%20reveals%20a%20ductile-to-brittle%20crossover%20in%20a%20simple%20animal%E2%80%99s%20epithelia&amp;journal=Nat.%20Phys.&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=504-511&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Prakash%2CVN&amp;author=Bull%2CMS&amp;author=Prakash%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"42.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Chopin, J., D\u00e9mery, V. &amp; Davidovitch, B. Roadmap to the morphological instabilities of a stretched twisted ribbon. J. Elast. <b>119<\/b>, 137\u2013189 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3326188\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Roadmap%20to%20the%20morphological%20instabilities%20of%20a%20stretched%20twisted%20ribbon&amp;journal=J.%20Elast.&amp;volume=119&amp;pages=137-189&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Chopin%2CJ&amp;author=D%C3%A9mery%2CV&amp;author=Davidovitch%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"43.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Leria, M.et al. Fast mechanosensitive and Ca2+-dependent reorientation of motile cilia basal bodies in the placozoan, Trichoplax. Curr Biol. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2026.04.054\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.04.054\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2026.04.054<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"44.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Bouffanais, R. in An Information-Theoretic Approach to Collective Behaviors 75\u201393 (Springer, 2016); <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-287-751-2_5\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-981-287-751-2_5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-287-751-2_5<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"45.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Vella, D., Boudaoud, A. &amp; Adda-Bedia, M. Statics and inertial dynamics of a ruck in a rug. Phys. Rev. Lett. <b>103<\/b>, 174301 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2009PhRvL.103q4301V\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Statics%20and%20inertial%20dynamics%20of%20a%20ruck%20in%20a%20rug&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;volume=103&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Vella%2CD&amp;author=Boudaoud%2CA&amp;author=Adda-Bedia%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"46.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Dey, B.et al. Divergent evolutionary strategies pre-empt tissue collision in gastrulation. Nature <b>646<\/b>, 637\u2013646 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"47.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Vellutini, B.C.et al. Patterned invagination prevents mechanical instability during gastrulation. Nature <b>646<\/b>, 627\u2013636 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"48.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Shankar, S., Souslov, A., Bowick, M. J., Marchetti, M. C. &amp; Vitelli, V. Topological active matter. Nat. Rev. Phys. <b>4<\/b>, 380\u2013398 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Topological%20active%20matter&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Phys.&amp;volume=4&amp;pages=380-398&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Shankar%2CS&amp;author=Souslov%2CA&amp;author=Bowick%2CMJ&amp;author=Marchetti%2CMC&amp;author=Vitelli%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"49.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Hamm, E., Roman, B. &amp; Melo, F. Dynamics of developable cones under shear. Phys. Rev. E <b>70<\/b>, 026607 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2004PhRvE..70b6607H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dynamics%20of%20developable%20cones%20under%20shear&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20E&amp;volume=70&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Hamm%2CE&amp;author=Roman%2CB&amp;author=Melo%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"50.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Gottesman, O., Efrati, E. &amp; Rubinstein, S. M. Furrows in the wake of propagating d-cones. Nat. Commun. <b>6<\/b>, 7232 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015NatCo...6.7232G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Furrows%20in%20the%20wake%20of%20propagating%20d-cones&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Gottesman%2CO&amp;author=Efrati%2CE&amp;author=Rubinstein%2CSM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"51.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Witten, T. A. Stress focusing in elastic sheets. Rev. Mod. Phys. <b>79<\/b>, 643\u2013675 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2007RvMP...79..643W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2326936\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stress%20focusing%20in%20elastic%20sheets&amp;journal=Rev.%20Mod.%20Phys.&amp;volume=79&amp;pages=643-675&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Witten%2CTA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"52.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Wong, R. H. C. &amp; Chau, K. T. Crack coalescence in a rock-like material containing two cracks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. <b>35<\/b>, 147\u2013164 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Crack%20coalescence%20in%20a%20rock-like%20material%20containing%20two%20cracks&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Rock%20Mech.%20Min.%20Sci.&amp;volume=35&amp;pages=147-164&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Wong%2CRHC&amp;author=Chau%2CKT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"53.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Dias, M. A., Dudte, L. H., Mahadevan, L. &amp; Santangelo, C. D. Geometric mechanics of curved crease origami. Phys. Rev. Lett. <b>109<\/b>, 114301 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2012PhRvL.109k4301D\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Geometric%20mechanics%20of%20curved%20crease%20origami&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;volume=109&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Dias%2CMA&amp;author=Dudte%2CLH&amp;author=Mahadevan%2CL&amp;author=Santangelo%2CCD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"54.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Dias, M. A. &amp; Audoly, B. A non-linear rod model for folded elastic strips. J. Mech. Phys. Solids <b>62<\/b>, 57\u201380 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014JMPSo..62...57D\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3131808\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20non-linear%20rod%20model%20for%20folded%20elastic%20strips&amp;journal=J.%20Mech.%20Phys.%20Solids&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=57-80&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Dias%2CMA&amp;author=Audoly%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"55.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Nasti, G. et al. Patterning of perovskite-polymer films by wrinkling instabilities. Soft Matter <b>13<\/b>, 1654\u20131659 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017SMat...13.1654N\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Patterning%20of%20perovskite-polymer%20films%20by%20wrinkling%20instabilities&amp;journal=Soft%20Matter&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=1654-1659&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Nasti%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"56.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Brannon, C. M. &amp; Prakash, M. Creases act as information bottlenecks in active elastic sheets. Dryad <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.msbcc2gd0\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5061\/dryad.msbcc2gd0\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.msbcc2gd0<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Odell, G. M., Oster, G., Alberch, P. &amp; Burnside, B. The mechanical basis of morphogenesis: I. Epithelial folding&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":549775,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[271],"tags":[3554,90766,57164,3553,3557,914,18,910,19,17,909,3552,3555,235604,3556,452,133,189839,3551],"class_list":["post-549774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-physics","tag-atomic","tag-biological-physics","tag-biophysics","tag-classical-and-continuum-physics","tag-complex-systems","tag-condensed-matter-physics","tag-eire","tag-general","tag-ie","tag-ireland","tag-materials-science","tag-mathematical-and-computational-physics","tag-molecular","tag-motility","tag-optical-and-plasma-physics","tag-physics","tag-science","tag-soft-materials","tag-theoretical"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@ie\/116798702923646487","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/549774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=549774"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/549774\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/549775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=549774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=549774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ie\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=549774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}