An Al Jazeera investigation has found that military-related goods from at least 51 countries entered Israel throughout the Gaza war, despite the International Court of Justice’s January 2024 ruling that there was a “plausible risk of genocide” and calls from some governments implicated in the exports for restrictions on arms sales.

Using Israeli Tax Authority import data, customs records and freedom of information requests, Al Jazeera’s team examined more than 2,600 consignments of military-related goods entering Israel between October 2023 and October 2025. The imports were valued at some 3.22bn shekels ($885m). 91% of that total were recorded after the ICJ ruling.

The report says the United States remained Israel’s largest supplier, accounting for more than 42% of the total value of imports identified. This was expected. But the US was followed by India at 26%. Romania, Taiwan and the Czech Republic were also among the largest suppliers. Collectively, EU member states accounted for almost a fifth of the total value, despite condemnation of Israel from within the EU.

Indeed Al Jazeera found that imports increased after the ICJ ruling, particularly in the category of explosive munitions.

Customs data reviewed by the broadcaster showed that bombs, grenades, missiles and related munitions made up 62% of all military-related imports during the conflict, worth around 2bn shekels ($550m).

AOAV has found that over 90% of those killed and injured by Israeli munitions in Gaza’s populated areas were civilians – data based on reputable English language media repirting.

The AJ investigation also highlighted shipments from countries that had publicly criticised Israel’s actions or announced restrictions on arms exports. Spain, Canada, France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom all continued to see military-related goods originating from their territories enter Israel after announcing suspensions or tighter controls.

According to the report, UK-linked shipments continued after Britain suspended some export licences in September 2024.

Al Jazeera also cited British government documents showing that UK-made components were approved for transfer to Israel indirectly through third countries including the United States, Germany and Italy.

“Data obtained by Al Jazeera through Freedom of Information (FOI) requests also reveals additional routes through which UK-origin combat aircraft parts could have reached Israel via third countries. The documents show that the UK approved exports under what are known as “third-party” or incorporation licences. These licences allow British defence companies to ship components to manufacturers in other countries, where they are integrated into completed weapons systems that are then exported to Israel. Between October 1 and December 31, 2024, the UK authorised licences worth 69,000 pounds ($92,000) for components for military training equipment routed via the US, 5,000 pounds ($7,000) in periscope components and related technology routed through Germany and two consignments for combat aircraft components worth 196,000 pounds ($263,000) shipped via Italy for onward transfer to Israel. These licences, for shipping via Germany and Italy, were labelled nonextant as of June 6, 2025,” said the report.

A separate FOI response by AK showed the UK approved several arms export licences in 2025 involving the US and potentially Israel, including components for combat aircraft, engines and targeting systems worth hundreds of millions of pounds. Some major licences listed Israel as a possible end user alongside the US and European allies, while two smaller licences explicitly named Israel as the sole recipient. The UK government told Al Jazeera it does not conduct overseas end-use checks after licences are issued, relying instead on pre-export assessments. These indirect exports via third countries are not included in the UK’s publicly reported arms sales figures to Israel.

Legal scholars interviewed by Al Jazeera argued that governments continuing to arm Israel after the ICJ warning risked breaching obligations under the Genocide Convention and the Arms Trade Treaty. Experts said states were obliged to prevent genocide where there was evidence of serious risk, rather than waiting for a final judicial ruling.

The report said Israel’s imports continued even during ceasefires and after international criticism intensified. Between the October 2025 ceasefire and the end of that year, at least 220 additional military-related shipments entered Israel from 28 countries, according to the data analysed by Al Jazeera.

AOAV has repeatedly warned that the sustained transfer of explosive weapons and munitions into densely populated areas such as Gaza carries severe humanitarian consequences. The organisation’s monitoring has consistently shown that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas results in high levels of civilian harm, destruction of infrastructure and long-term displacement. Al Jazeera’s findings, which point to a continued flow of munitions and weapons components into Israel throughout the war, are likely to intensify scrutiny of states accused of failing to meet their obligations under international humanitarian law and arms export controls.

Dr Iain Overton, executive director of AOAV, said: “This investigation reinforces growing concerns about the continued transfer of explosive weapons and military components into a conflict where civilians have borne the overwhelming burden of harm. AOAV’s research has consistently shown that the use of explosive weapons in populated areas causes catastrophic civilian suffering, destroys vital infrastructure and leaves lasting humanitarian consequences long after the fighting ends. The scale of imports identified by Al Jazeera raises urgent questions about international obligations, transparency and accountability in global arms transfers.”