The tech industry often talks about \u201cthe cloud\u201d as though it were something abstract and untouchable. But the cloud runs on data centers, those data centers have an address, and that address can be hit by a drone.<\/p>\n
Last week, three data centers operated by Amazon<\/a> Web Services (AWS), two in the United Arab Emirates and one in Bahrain, were struck<\/a> by Iranian drones or missiles. The attacks forced the facilities offline and led to service outages affecting banking, payments, delivery apps, and enterprise software across the region.<\/p>\n The U.S. military also uses AWS to run some of its workloads, including running Anthropic\u2019s AI model Claude for some intelligence functions, and Iran\u2019s Fars News Agency said on Telegram that the Bahrain facility had been deliberately targeted<\/a> \u201cto identify the role of these centers in supporting the enemy\u2019s military and intelligence activities.\u201d AWS has declined to comment on the Iranian claim and it is not known whether the attacks impacted U.S. military computing workloads.<\/p>\n Still, the attack is believed to be the first time data centers have been deliberately targeted for air strikes in a conflict. Experts say it almost certainly won\u2019t be the last. Data centers are rapidly emerging as vital strategic assets\u2014and vulnerable targets.<\/p>\n The boundary between commercial cloud computing and military operations has largely vanished. The Pentagon\u2019s Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability and its Joint All Domain Command and Control networks run on the same commercial infrastructure that serves banks and ride-hailing apps. Meanwhile, several news organizations have reported<\/a> that the U.S. military used Anthropic\u2019s AI model Claude\u2014which runs on AWS\u2014for intelligence assessments, target identification, and battle simulations during the Iran strikes.<\/p>\n That dual-use reality means that attacks on commercial data centers can have immediate military consequences\u2014and vice versa. \u201cIf data centers become critical hubs for transiting military information, we can expect them to be increasingly targeted by both cyber and physical attacks,\u201d Zachary Kallenborn, a PhD researcher at King\u2019s College London, told Fortune.<\/p>\n Kallenborn recently co-authored a study in the journal Risk Analysis on \u201cglobally critical infrastructure\u201d\u2014including data centers and subsea cables\u2014that can be important \u201cchoke points\u201d for adversaries seeking to disrupt either civilian economies or military operations. He said that in researching the study he held numerous conversations with senior officials around the world and found that \u201cbasically no one is thinking about these risks in a systematic way.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n Missile defense for data centers?<\/p>\n Data centers have long made some efforts at physical security. But most of these security measures\u2014high fences topped with barbed wire, carefully controlled access, and security cameras\u2014were aimed at preventing espionage or sabotage by a person on the ground, not aerial attacks.<\/p>\n Data centers are sprawling, visible complexes<\/a> dependent on exposed infrastructure\u2014such as cooling units, diesel generators, and gas turbines\u2014that can be disabled without a direct hit on the server halls themselves. \u201cIf you knock out some of the chillers you can take them fully offline,\u201d Sam Winter-Levy, a fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, told<\/a> the Financial Times.<\/p>\n Chris McGuire, an AI and technology competition expert who worked on technology policy at the National Security Council under the Biden administration, told<\/a> The Guardian that data centers built in the Middle East might need to consider measures to guard against aerial attacks. \u201cIf you\u2019re actually going to double down the Middle East, maybe it means missile defence on datacentres,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n Kallenborn previously told Fortune that as wars are increasingly fought with drones and other robotic systems, it is possible that even local conflicts could become much more regional or even global, as adversaries seek to strike the remote command centers and data center infrastructure needed to control those unmanned systems.<\/p>\n And the problem extends beyond the data centers themselves. Seventeen submarine cables pass through the Red Sea, carrying the majority of data traffic between Europe, Asia, and Africa. With Iran\u2019s closure of the Strait of Hormuz and renewed Houthi threats in the Red Sea, both critical data chokepoints are now in active conflict zones simultaneously. \u201cClosing both choke points simultaneously would be a globally disruptive event,\u201d Doug Madory, director of internet analysis at the network intelligence firm Kentik, told<\/a> the publication Rest of World. \u201cI\u2019m not aware of that ever happening.\u201d<\/p>\n The strikes on the UAE and Bahrain data centers land at a particularly fraught moment for the Gulf\u2019s ambitions to become a global hub for artificial intelligence. U.S. President Donald Trump\u2019s tour of the region last May generated more than $2 trillion in investment pledges, including the planned Stargate UAE campus in Abu Dhabi\u2014what would be the largest AI facility outside the United States. Amazon committed $5 billion to an AI hub in Saudi Arabia. <\/p>\n For now, the structural advantages that drew tech companies to the Gulf\u2014cheap energy, abundant funding, and a strategic location\u2014remain intact. But Winter-Levy warned that most recent attacks are unlikely to be the last.<\/p>\n Physical attacks on data centers \u201care only going to become more common moving forward as AI becomes more and more significant,\u201d he told Rest of World. Speaking to the Financial Times, he called the strikes \u201ca harbinger of what\u2019s to come\u201d and warned that such attacks would not be limited to the Middle East.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The tech industry often talks about \u201cthe cloud\u201d as though it were something abstract and untouchable. 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