For decades, people in the wealthy Gulf Arab nations watched the wars of the region unfold on their televisions. War happened to their neighbors \u2014 in Yemen, in Syria, in Gaza \u2014 but not to them.<\/p>\n
That illusion was shattered by the U.S.-Israeli war with Iran. It upended these countries\u2019 sense of security, hobbled<\/a> their energy-rich economies and pushed them to reconsider defense strategies. The American military bases on their soil \u2014 rather than shielding them from any harm \u2014 had made them the targets<\/a> for thousands of Iranian missiles and drones. <\/p>\n The fighting appears to be over, at least for now, and yet many in the Gulf countries worry that the deal emerging between the United States and Iran will do little to alleviate the threat that Iran poses to them, analysts say.<\/p>\n In a tacit acknowledgment of the Gulf\u2019s concerns, Secretary of State Marco Rubio met with several of the region\u2019s Arab leaders this week, seeking to reassure them. He told reporters in Kuwait on Wednesday that the United States was \u201cnot going to do anything that undermines the security of our allies.\u201d <\/p>\n Yet with their vulnerabilities exposed, the Gulf countries have been forever changed by the war. Many are now intent on boosting their hard power, spending more on military hardware and defense<\/a>. The new mood is a palpable shift from the grand and optimistic projects<\/a> that defined the region\u2019s past decade. <\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s left a big wound,\u201d said Khalid Al-Jaber, executive director of the Middle East Council on Global Affairs, a research institute in Qatar. \u201cIt\u2019s going to take a long, long time to recover.\u201d <\/p>\n The scenes that unfolded over the past few months in Gulf cities like Dubai and Doha, including massive explosions and smoldering luxury towers, were once unthinkable to most residents. <\/p>\n Parents huddled with children in hallways as incoming missile alerts blared on their phones. In the Emirates, schools closed for weeks<\/a> and some wealthy foreign residents fled<\/a>. The only historical comparison<\/a> that many in the region could draw on was the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, more than three decades ago.<\/p>\n While the Gulf countries were able to intercept the vast majority of Iran\u2019s missile and drone attacks, more than 30 people were killed and scores were injured. <\/p>\n Mohammed Baharoon, the head of B\u2019huth, a research center in Dubai, said that the war set dangerous precedents in the region, arguing that actions by the United States, Israel and Iran had created a \u201cfacile type of attitude toward using brute power.\u201d <\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s almost like the Wild West now,\u201d he said, pointing out that a cease-fire was several times<\/a> \u201cbroken easily, without raising an eyebrow.\u201d<\/p>\n As each government pursues its own approach toward Iran, the war appears<\/a> to have widened differences<\/a> between some Gulf countries, rather than unifying them.<\/p>\n The Emirates has doubled down on its alliances with the United States and Israel. Qatar has worked as a key mediator in efforts to negotiate a U.S.-Iran deal. Saudi Arabia has sought to keep its options open, trying to steer the Trump administration\u2019s decisions<\/a> while also maintaining channels with Iranian officials.<\/p>\n And Oman has drawn the ire<\/a> of President Trump by engaging in talks with Iran<\/a> over potentially imposing service fees in the Strait of Hormuz, the waterway through which Gulf states export oil and gas.<\/p>\n One of the most seismic shifts has come from Iran\u2019s effective closure of the strait. The threat that Iran may one day close it again now hangs over the region and, as a result, the Gulf nations are rethinking how oil, food and other goods get in and out of their countries.<\/p>\n The Emirati government is pursuing a strategy of \u201czero Hormuz dependency,\u201d expanding its ports outside the strait and building oil pipelines and railways, the country\u2019s trade minister recently told Bloomberg<\/a>. And the typically sleepy nation of Oman \u2014 which has ports on the Arabian Sea, hundreds of miles outside the strait \u2014 has become a crucial logistics hub for its neighbors, trucking goods to them overland.<\/p>\n The question looming above all of these shifts is whether the conflict is really over..<\/p>\n \u201cWe are terrified that this is going to be an ongoing war,\u201d said Mr. Al-Jaber, the scholar in Qatar. <\/p>\n In public, Gulf leaders have welcomed the agreement to end the fighting, which had proved so catastrophic for their countries that few wanted it to continue. <\/p>\n At a Group of 7 gathering last week in France, Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed, the powerful leader<\/a> of the Emirates, delivered a message of gratitude to Mr. Trump.<\/p>\n \u201cThank you for your support, your commitment, to your friends,\u201d he said, leaning forward in his seat. \u201cIt means a lot to us, and you showed us who is the real ally.\u201d<\/p>\n Yet behind the scenes, analysts say, many Gulf officials feel a mixture of frustration and disappointment with their longtime allies, including the United States.<\/p>\n The preliminary deal between the United States and Iran made little mention of Gulf governments\u2019 concerns, such as Iran\u2019s missile and drone arsenal<\/a> or its support for regional militias. <\/p>\n And on Monday, the Trump administration temporarily lifted oil sanctions<\/a> against Iran, which could provide the country with an economic boon. <\/p>\n In a recent column<\/a> in Asharq Al-Awsat, a newspaper, Abdulrahman al-Rashed, a Saudi writer who is close to the kingdom\u2019s leadership, argued that the U.S.-Iran agreement \u201crehabilitates Tehran\u2019s regime as a regional power.\u201d<\/p>\n