A female hyalid amphipod species (Serejohyale sicilia) with eggs. Credit: Prof. Sabrina Lo Brutto
What if some of the most important clues about marine biodiversity were already collected but never fully shared? That’s the question that motivated a study, published in Biodiversity Data Journal. It brought together over 40 years of unpublished data on marine amphipods—ecologically crucial crustaceans—from across Italian waters.
By unifying scattered records and making them openly accessible, researchers have assembled comprehensive and up-to-date inventories of these species for the Mediterranean.
Researchers analyzed 4,344 previously unpublished records spanning from 1980 to 2025, identifying 302 amphipod species across the Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, and Ionian Seas. Interestingly, they found that the Tyrrhenian Sea harbors the highest taxonomic richness (258 species), while the Adriatic Sea accounts for the greatest number of records due to intense historical sampling.
“This work not only updates the Italian inventory but also reinforces the country’s central role as a biodiversity hotspot in the Mediterranean,” noted Prof. Sabrina Lo Brutto of the Department of Earth and Sea Sciences (DiSTeM) at the University of Palermo, the coordinator of the study.
Why amphipods matter
Amphipods are small, often just a few millimeters long, but they play an outsized role in marine ecosystems. They recycle nutrients, connect food webs, and serve as prey for fish, birds, and mammals. Because they respond quickly to environmental stress, they are also powerful bioindicators, helping scientists detect pollution and ecological changes.
Yet despite their importance, our knowledge of where these species live has been fragmented. In some cases, outdated or incomplete records have even led to cascading misidentifications in the scientific literature.
Map showing the distribution of the georeferenced species records. Points were differentiated by colors, based on the sea upon which they lie: Tyrrhenian Sea (light blue), Ionian Sea (red) and Adriatic Sea (blue). Credit: Badalucco et al., 2026
A collaborative effort across Italy
This study represents a collective effort coordinated under the National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC). Researchers from universities, environmental agencies, and research institutes across Italy contributed data spanning more than four decades.
“By harmonizing these datasets under the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable), we ensured that the information was not only scientifically robust but also openly available for future research,” commented the first author of the study, Dr. Antonina Badalucco (Dept. DiSTeM, University of Palermo).
The full dataset is now accessible via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), making it a resource for scientists worldwide.
A changing Mediterranean
The presence of non-indigenous species is a reminder that marine ecosystems are rapidly evolving. The study identified 11 alien species primarily concentrated in ports, lagoons such as the Venice Lagoon, and aquaculture facilities. Increased shipping, aquaculture, and global connectivity are allowing these species to travel farther and establish themselves in new environments, sometimes with significant ecological consequences.
At the same time, researchers observed that sampling efforts have intensified dramatically in the last decade, driven in part by European environmental policies such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive—generating a surge in available data, while also highlighting how much earlier information had remained underused.
A Number of species per sea; B Venn diagram illustrating the distribution and shared amphipod species across the three areas, Tyrrhenian Sea (light blue), Ionian Sea (red), Adriatic Sea (blue). Credit: Badalucco et al., 2026
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Why this matters now
“Understanding where species live is the foundation of conservation. Without accurate distribution data, it’s nearly impossible to track biodiversity loss, identify vulnerable habitats, or design effective protection strategies,” Prof. Lo Brutto explained
By filling long-standing gaps in knowledge, this research supports broader efforts—such as the EU’s and National Biodiversity Future Center’s shared goal to protect 30% of land and sea by 2030—and provides a baseline for monitoring future environmental change.
Looking ahead
“This is not the end of the story; it’s a starting point. Our study shows the immense value of unlocking existing data and making it accessible. We hope it will inspire similar efforts across other regions and taxonomic groups, helping to build a more complete picture of life in our oceans,” Prof. Lo Brutto concluded.
Publication details
Antonina Badalucco et al, A contribution to the inventory of marine amphipod species from Italian waters based on unpublished sources and FAIR principles, Biodiversity Data Journal (2026). DOI: 10.3897/bdj.14.e189256
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Four decades of overlooked data reveal the hidden amphipod diversity of Italian seas (2026, May 25)
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