Birth of the Italian republic <\/p>\n
When World War II<\/a> ended in Europe<\/a> in May 1945, all the anti-Fascist parties formed a predominantly northern government led by the Resistance hero and Party of Action leader Ferruccio Parri. The CLNs continued to administer<\/a> the northern regions and the larger northern factories for a short time. Up to 15,000 Fascists were purged or killed, and in some areas (such as Emilia and Tuscany) reprisals continued through 1946. Women \u201ccollaborators\u201d had their heads shaved and were paraded through the streets. A commission was set up to purge Fascists throughout the country<\/a>. (A similar body had been operating in the south since 1943.) The purges caused much alarm, as virtually anybody with a job in the public sector<\/a> had had to be a member of the Fascist Party<\/a>. Soon there was an anti-purge backlash, supported by the Liberals. In reality, the purges were short-lived and superficial, and even leading Fascists were able to benefit from a series of amnesties, the most important of which was backed by the Communist minister of justice<\/a>, Togliatti. In November 1945 Parri was forced to resign and was replaced by the Christian Democratic leader, Alcide De Gasperi<\/a>, who formed a more moderate\u2014and \u201cRoman,\u201d or southern\u2014interparty government. It soon gave up attempts at a purge, returned the large industrial firms to their previous owners, and replaced the partisan administrators in the north with ordinary state officials. In general, the Italian purges went much less far than those in Germany<\/a>, and there was considerable continuity<\/a> in many areas, including the judiciary, the police force, and the body of legislation created in the 1920s and \u201930s.<\/p>\n In May 1946 King Victor Emmanuel III<\/a> finally formally abdicated<\/a>. His son briefly became King Umberto II<\/a>, but the royal family was forced to leave the country a month later when a referendum decided in favor of a republic by 54 percent of the votes cast. (When the new constitution was adopted the following year, it stated that no male members of the Savoy family could live in Italy; the rule was rescinded<\/a> in 2002.) Many southerners, including 80 percent of Neapolitans, voted for the monarchy, but the center and north opted overwhelmingly for the republic. The \u201cMay king,\u201d his father, and the monarchy in general had been punished not only for supporting Mussolini but also for their cowardly behavior in the face of German occupation.<\/p>\n At the same time, a Constituent<\/a> Assembly was elected by universal suffrage\u2014including women for the first time\u2014to draw up a new constitution. The three largest parties\u2014the Christian Democrats<\/a>, Socialists, and Communists\u2014took three-fourths of the votes and seats and dominated the assembly. The Christian Democrats, with more than one-third of the votes and seats, began their postwar dominance as the most powerful party, although the Liberals, whose deputies included several constitutional<\/a> lawyers, had a major impact on the new constitution, as did the Communists and Socialists. Over the next three years, the assembly discussed (in 170 sessions) what form the new Italian state should take, in a climate of democratic debate and collaboration. The constitution was finally ready and signed in December 1947 and took effect on January 1, 1948.<\/p>\n The Constitution of the Republic of Italy established a parliamentary system<\/a> of government with two elected houses (Chamber of Deputies and Senate). It also guaranteed civil and political rights and established an independent judiciary, a constitutional court with powers of judicial review<\/a>, and the right of citizens\u2019 referendum. Many of these measures, however, were not implemented<\/a> for several years. The Constitutional Court was not set up until 1955, and the first abrogative referendum was held only in 1974. The president was to be elected by parliament and had few real powers. The electoral system<\/a> had a high level of proportional representation<\/a>. Legislation had to pass through both elected chambers, but decrees could be issued by the Council of Ministers. The 1929 Lateran Treaty<\/a> with the church was recognized in a Communist-inspired compromise. Autonomous<\/a> regional governments were promised and were soon operating in the outlying zones\u2014Sicily, Sardinia<\/a>, Valle d\u2019Aosta<\/a>, Trentino\u2013Alto Adige (including South Tirol), and (after 1963) Friuli\u2013Venezia Giulia\u2014inhabited by populations with linguistic or ethnic differences from those in the rest of Italy. In short, the constitution was an \u201canti-Fascist\u201d document, providing for weak governments and individual liberty\u2014exactly the opposite of what Mussolini had attempted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Birth of the Italian republic When World War II ended in Europe in May 1945, all the anti-Fascist…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4391,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[2756,3236,3235,3234,5],"class_list":{"0":"post-15423","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-italy","8":"tag-article","9":"tag-britannica","10":"tag-encyclopeadia","11":"tag-encyclopedia","12":"tag-italy"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15423"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15423\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/italy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}