N\u012bderlandes pensiju sist\u0113m\u0101 gaid\u0101mas tektoniskas p\u0101rmai\u0146as. To paredz N\u0101kotnes pensiju likums (likuma nosaukums N\u012bderland\u0113 \u2013\u00a0Wet toekomst pensioenen).<\/p>\n
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L\u012bdz 2028. gada 1. janv\u0101rim N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondiem, kas ir vieni no liel\u0101kajiem Eirop\u0101 p\u0101rvald\u012bto summu zi\u0146\u0101 (kopum\u0101 gandr\u012bz divi triljoni eiro), ir j\u0101p\u0101riet uz jaunu k\u0101rt\u012bbu. B\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 p\u0101rmai\u0146as skar to, k\u0101 valsts organiz\u0113 pensiju naudas p\u0101rvald\u012bbu.<\/p>\n
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N\u012bderlandes pensiju sektors ir liel\u0101kais eirozon\u0101, l\u012bdz ar to p\u0101rmai\u0146as pensiju sist\u0113m\u0101 skar ne tikai \u0161o valsti, bet ar\u012b visu Eiropas finan\u0161u tirgu. Tiek l\u0113sts, ka p\u0101rejas laik\u0101 no 2025. l\u012bdz 2028. gadam tiks p\u0101rdotas valstu ilgtermi\u0146a oblig\u0101cijas aptuveni 100\u2013150 miljardu eiro v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101. Tik liela apjoma valstu oblig\u0101ciju p\u0101rdo\u0161ana var rad\u012bt spriedzi Eiropas oblig\u0101ciju tirgos.<\/p>\n
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Te j\u0101paskaidro, ka valstu oblig\u0101cijas ir veids, ko valstis izmanto, lai aiz\u0146emtos naudu. Tad, kad daudzi investori vienlaikus p\u0101rdod \u0161\u0101das oblig\u0101cijas, oblig\u0101ciju cenas kr\u012btas un procentu likmes ce\u013cas. Augo\u0161\u0101s procentu likmes valst\u012bm sad\u0101rdzina naudas aiz\u0146em\u0161anos, \u012bpa\u0161i laik\u0101, kad daudz\u0101s valst\u012bs to vald\u012bbas jau t\u0101 arvien vair\u0101k naudas t\u0113r\u0113 aizsardz\u012bbai. Paredzams, ka liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca p\u0101rdodamo oblig\u0101ciju b\u016bs no V\u0101cijas, Francijas un N\u012bderlandes.<\/p>\n
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Tiek prognoz\u0113ts, ka da\u017e\u0101das valstis \u0161o p\u0101rmai\u0146u ietekmi izjut\u012bs at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi. Piem\u0113ram, N\u012bderland\u0113 aptuveni viena piektda\u013ca valsts par\u0101da pieder N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondiem, un tas ir apm\u0113ram divreiz vair\u0101k nek\u0101 V\u0101cij\u0101.<\/p>\n
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Kopum\u0101 \u0161ie procesi nor\u0101da uz to, ka Eiropas oblig\u0101ciju tirgiem gaid\u0101ms sare\u017e\u0123\u012bts laiks. N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondiem p\u0101rdodot 30 gadu oblig\u0101cijas, 40 gadu oblig\u0101cijas un pat 50 gadu oblig\u0101cijas, b\u016btisks jaut\u0101jums ir \u2013 kas t\u0101s pirks?<\/p>\n
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\u00abIetekme uz finan\u0161u tirgiem ir iesp\u0113jama, ta\u010du t\u0101 dr\u012bz\u0101k b\u016bs struktur\u0101la, nevis izpaud\u012bsies \u012bstermi\u0146a sv\u0101rst\u012bb\u0101s. V\u0113sturiski N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondi ir biju\u0161i noz\u012bm\u012bgi t\u0101 d\u0113v\u0113to \u013coti garo valsts oblig\u0101ciju pirc\u0113ji, un p\u0101reja uz liel\u0101ku ieguld\u012bjumu \u012bpatsvaru riskant\u0101kos akt\u012bvos var mazin\u0101t piepras\u012bjumu p\u0113c \u0161\u012bm oblig\u0101cij\u0101m, \u012bstermi\u0146\u0101 samazinot to v\u0113rt\u012bbu, bet ilgtermi\u0146\u0101 palielinot sagaid\u0101mo ienes\u012bgumu. Latvijas pensiju otr\u0101 l\u012bme\u0146a pl\u0101ni ar\u012b iegulda oblig\u0101cij\u0101s, ta\u010du dara to \u013coti diversific\u0113ti. Kopum\u0101 v\u0113rt\u0113jot, N\u012bderlandes reformai nevajadz\u0113tu negat\u012bvi ietekm\u0113t Latvijas pensiju pl\u0101nu rezult\u0101tus,\u00bb skaidro\u00a0Swedbank\u00a0Ieguld\u012bjumu p\u0101rvaldes sabiedr\u012bbas vad\u012bt\u0101ja An\u017eelika Dobrovo\u013cska.<\/p>\n
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Ar\u012b\u00a0SEB Investment Management\u00a0valdes priek\u0161s\u0113d\u0113t\u0101js J\u0101nis Rozenfelds prognoz\u0113, ka N\u012bderlandes reformai tie\u0161as ietekmes uz Latvijas pensiju pl\u0101nu rezult\u0101tiem neb\u016bs. Ietekme b\u016bs pastarpin\u0101ta, l\u012bdz ar procentu likmju izmai\u0146\u0101m, ta\u010du t\u0101 neb\u016bs \u012bpa\u0161i b\u016btiska, jo Latvijas pensiju pl\u0101nu ieguld\u012bjumi \u013coti gara termi\u0146a oblig\u0101cij\u0101s ir nelieli.<\/p>\n
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Maina p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas<\/p>\n
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L\u012bdz \u0161im N\u012bderlandes pensiju uzkr\u0101jumi str\u0101d\u0101ja saska\u0146\u0101 ar sist\u0113mu, kur\u0101 pension\u0101riem tika garant\u0113ta fiks\u0113ta apjoma pensijas izmaksa. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka pensiju fondiem bija vair\u0101k j\u0101invest\u0113 valstu ilgtermi\u0146a oblig\u0101cij\u0101s, kas tiek uzskat\u012btas par stabil\u0101k\u0101m nek\u0101 citi ieguld\u012bjumu varianti. \u0160ie ieguld\u012bjumi oblig\u0101cij\u0101s atbilda pensiju fondu ilgtermi\u0146a sol\u012bjumiem, kas tika doti tiem cilv\u0113kiem, kuri kr\u0101ja naudu pensijai.<\/p>\n
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Tagad vairs netiks sol\u012bts noteikts pensiju apjoms. T\u0101 viet\u0101 izmaksas lielums b\u016bs atkar\u012bgs no iemaks\u0101m un sv\u0101rst\u012bsies l\u012bdz ar tirgus izmai\u0146\u0101m. L\u012bdz ar to pensiju fondi var\u0113s izv\u0113l\u0113ties riskant\u0101kus akt\u012bvus un maz\u0101k ieguld\u012bt, piem\u0113ram, valstu oblig\u0101cij\u0101s. Protams, N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondi uz\u0146emsies sal\u012bdzino\u0161i maz\u0101ku risku, invest\u0113jot naudu tiem cilv\u0113kiem, kuri p\u0113c vecuma ir tuv\u0101k pension\u0113\u0161an\u0101s br\u012bdim, un liel\u0101ku risku \u2013 jaun\u0101kiem cilv\u0113kiem. Turkl\u0101t solidarit\u0101tes meh\u0101nismi pal\u012bdz\u0113s sadal\u012bt riskus un ierobe\u017eot zaud\u0113jumus.<\/p>\n
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N\u012bderlandes centr\u0101l\u0101 banka nor\u0101da, ka jaun\u0101s sist\u0113mas m\u0113r\u0137is ir mazin\u0101t paaud\u017eu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas, un uzsver ar\u012b to, ka jaun\u0101 sist\u0113ma ir lab\u0101k piem\u0113rota pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101m darba tirgus tendenc\u0113m, respekt\u012bvi, tam, ka darbinieki bie\u017e\u0101k nek\u0101 sen\u0101k maina darba vietas.<\/p>\n
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V\u0113sturiski N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondi \u012bstenoja t\u0101du ieguld\u012b\u0161anas politiku, kuras m\u0113r\u0137is bija nevis maksim\u0101li izmantot finan\u0161u tirgus iesp\u0113jas, bet vispirms sal\u0101got ieguld\u012bjumu termi\u0146us ar pl\u0101noto pensiju izmaksu termi\u0146iem, protams, cen\u0161oties g\u016bt ar\u012b invest\u012bciju pe\u013c\u0146u \u0161aj\u0101 proces\u0101. \u00abN\u012bderlandes pensiju reforma main\u012bs valsts pensiju sist\u0113mas darb\u012bbas principu no noteiktu izmaksu metodes, kur\u0101 dal\u012bbniekam p\u0113c iepriek\u0161 noteiktas metodes tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ta garant\u0113ta pensija, uz noteiktu iemaksu metodi, kur\u0101 katrs dal\u012bbnieks veic regul\u0101ras iemaksas, un pensijas apm\u0113rs ir atkar\u012bgs gan no iemaksu apm\u0113ra, gan no invest\u012bciju rezult\u0101ta,\u00bb reformu kopum\u0101 pozit\u012bvi v\u0113rt\u0113 J. Rozenfelds.<\/p>\n
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T\u0101tad summa, ko sav\u0101 pensij\u0101 sa\u0146ems pension\u0101rs, b\u016bs atkar\u012bga no t\u0101, cik labi veiksies invest\u012bcij\u0101s. K\u0101 jau iepriek\u0161 min\u0113ts, \u0161o izmai\u0146u d\u0113\u013c pensiju fondiem vairs neb\u016bs j\u0101tur daudz l\u012bdzek\u013cu ilgtermi\u0146a oblig\u0101cij\u0101s un pensiju fondi cent\u012bsies ieguld\u012bt akt\u012bvos ar augst\u0101ku atdevi, piem\u0113ram, akcij\u0101s. P\u0101rmai\u0146u idejas j\u0113ga ir pensiju naudu audz\u0113t \u0101tr\u0101k, lai gan \u0161is process ir saist\u012bts ar liel\u0101ku risku, nek\u0101 bija l\u012bdz \u0161im.<\/p>\n
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Pirms kovidpand\u0113mijas procentu likmes gadiem ilgi bija zemas, turkl\u0101t sabiedr\u012bbas noveco\u0161ana apgr\u016btin\u0101ja iesp\u0113jas pensiju fondu l\u012bdzek\u013cu pieaugumam kompens\u0113t infl\u0101ciju. Turkl\u0101t pirms reformas N\u012bderlande bija rets piem\u0113rs tam, ka priv\u0101t\u0101 pensiju sist\u0113ma sola noteikta apjoma pensiju, v\u0113sta zi\u0146u a\u0123ent\u016bra\u00a0Reuters.<\/p>\n
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Piem\u0113ram, skatoties kumulat\u012bvo infl\u0101ciju Latvij\u0101, labi redzams, ka akt\u012bvie pensiju pl\u0101ni ar savu ienes\u012bgumu sp\u0113j to p\u0101rsp\u0113t. Savuk\u0101rt konservat\u012bvie pl\u0101ni, v\u0113rt\u0113jot p\u0113c ienes\u012bguma l\u012bme\u0146a, b\u016btiski atpaliek no infl\u0101cijas. Pirmspensijas pl\u0101nu ienes\u012bgums, piem\u0113ram, asto\u0146os gados ir bijis nedaudz virs nulles, bet infl\u0101cija \u2013 ap 45%. Ir j\u0101secina, ka \u0161iem pl\u0101niem pirktsp\u0113jas v\u0113rt\u012bba ir kritusies.<\/p>\n
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\u00abN\u012bderlandes pensiju reforma b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 iez\u012bm\u0113 p\u0101reju no garant\u0113tiem pensiju izmaksu sol\u012bjumiem uz uzkr\u0101jumu veido\u0161anu, un \u0161ie uzkr\u0101jumi tiek sasaist\u012bti ar finan\u0161u tirgiem. Iepriek\u0161 N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondi sol\u012bja konkr\u0113tu n\u0101kotnes pensijas apm\u0113ru, bet jaunaj\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101 izn\u0101kums ir atkar\u012bgs no faktiski veiktaj\u0101m iemaks\u0101m un ieguld\u012bjumu rezult\u0101tiem. Katram kr\u0101j\u0113jam ir skaidr\u0101k redzams person\u012bgais pensiju uzkr\u0101jums, t\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bba un saikne ar tirgus procesu dikt\u0113to ienes\u012bgumu,\u00bb skaidro A. Dobrovo\u013cska. Eksperte piebilst, ka N\u012bderland\u0113 \u012bstenot\u0101s p\u0101rmai\u0146as ir lo\u0123iskas. T\u0101s dikt\u0113 gan demogr\u0101fiskie faktori, gan darba tirg\u016b valdo\u0161ie virzieni \u2013 cilv\u0113ki dz\u012bvo ilg\u0101k, str\u0101d\u0101\u0161anas mode\u013ci k\u013c\u016bst elast\u012bg\u0101ki, un vienlaikus aktualiz\u0113jas ar\u012b pensiju sist\u0113mas ilgtsp\u0113jas jaut\u0101jumi.<\/p>\n
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Garant\u0113t fiks\u0113tas pensijas zemu procentu likmju un pieaugo\u0161a m\u016b\u017ea ilguma apst\u0101k\u013cos ir k\u013cuvis arvien d\u0101rg\u0101k un riskant\u0101k. Vienlaikus reforma uzlabo caursp\u012bd\u012bgumu un sekm\u0113 taisn\u012bgumu, jo uzkr\u0101juma veido\u0161an\u0101s k\u013c\u016bst saprotam\u0101ka gan pensiju sist\u0113mas dal\u012bbniekiem, gan darba dev\u0113jiem.<\/p>\n
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Var satricin\u0101t tirgu<\/p>\n
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Vienlaikus j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101, ka, tuvojoties p\u0101rmai\u0146u perioda (no 2025. l\u012bdz 2028. gadam) beigu termi\u0146am, finan\u0161u tirgi var izjust spiedienu. L\u012bdz ar to investori cen\u0161as izdom\u0101t, k\u0101 sevi pozicion\u0113t \u0161aj\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101. Daudzi N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondi izmanto t\u0101 d\u0113v\u0113t\u0101s hed\u017e\u0113\u0161anas jeb riska ierobe\u017eo\u0161anas instrumentus, lai t\u0101 sevi pasarg\u0101tu. \u0160ie riska instrumenti pal\u012bdz nodro\u0161in\u0101ties pret liel\u0101m procentu likmju sv\u0101rst\u012bb\u0101m, k\u0101 ar\u012b pret p\u0113k\u0161\u0146u akciju cenu kritumu. Tom\u0113r, kad p\u0101reja b\u016bs pabeigta, daudzi N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondi pl\u0101no \u0101tri main\u012bt noteiktas poz\u012bcijas, radot v\u0113l liel\u0101ku tirgus sv\u0101rst\u012bgumu.<\/p>\n
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\u0160\u012b steiga p\u0101rdot un p\u0101rbalans\u0113t akt\u012bvus var izrais\u012bt straujas izmai\u0146as oblig\u0101ciju tirg\u016b. Da\u017ei pensiju fondi cen\u0161as virz\u012bties uz priek\u0161u \u0101tr\u0101k, lai neb\u016btu p\u0113d\u0113jie, kas p\u0101rdod oblig\u0101cijas tad, kad to cenas kr\u012bt. Tom\u0113r vienlaikus tas var sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt situ\u0101ciju, ja citi fondi kav\u0113jas ar savu p\u0101reju.<\/p>\n
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Kopum\u0101 situ\u0101cija ir t\u0101da, ka N\u012bderlandes pensiju fondi ar p\u0101reju nesteidzas. A\u0123ent\u016bra\u00a0Reuters\u00a0nor\u0101da, ka da\u017ei pensiju fondi p\u0113rn atlika p\u0101reju uz jauno k\u0101rt\u012bbu. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 p\u0101rejas sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbu, nav izsl\u0113gtas ar\u012b citas aizkav\u0113\u0161an\u0101s.<\/p>\n
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V\u0113rien\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 pensiju fondu grupa, to vid\u016b liel\u0101kais no fondiem \u2013 ABP, p\u0101reju pl\u0101no 2027. gada janv\u0101r\u012b. Savuk\u0101rt pirm\u0101 liel\u0101 pensiju fondu grupa, kas p\u0101rvalda akt\u012bvus vair\u0101k nek\u0101 500 miljardu eiro apm\u0113r\u0101, uz jauno sist\u0113mu p\u0101rg\u0101ja \u0161\u0101gada 1. janv\u0101r\u012b, pievienojoties nelielam skaitam mazo pensiju fondu, kuri uz jauno sist\u0113mu p\u0101rg\u0101ja 2025. gad\u0101. \u0160iem fondiem b\u016bs 12 m\u0113ne\u0161i, lai piel\u0101gotu savus akt\u012bvu portfe\u013cus, un tam b\u016btu j\u0101pal\u012bdz l\u012bdzsvarot p\u0101rejas ietekme uz tirgu.<\/p>\n
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Latvija soli priek\u0161\u0101<\/p>\n
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N\u012bderland\u0113 reformas rezult\u0101t\u0101 tiks izveidota pensiju sist\u0113ma, kas str\u0101d\u0101s diezgan l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 Latvijas otrais un tre\u0161ais pensiju l\u012bmenis. \u00ab\u0160is ir \u013coti labs piem\u0113rs, kas apliecina, ka ar Latvijas pensiju sist\u0113mas darb\u012bbas principiem viss ir k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101 un nevajag atk\u0101rtot m\u016bsu Baltijas kaimi\u0146valstu pie\u013caut\u0101s k\u013c\u016bdas, kas Lietuvas un Igaunijas sabiedr\u012bbai n\u0101kotn\u0113 maks\u0101s d\u0101rgi,\u00bb nor\u0101da J. Rozenfelds. Runa ir par iesp\u0113ju iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem iz\u0146emt savus pensiju otraj\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b eso\u0161os uzkr\u0101jumus.<\/p>\n
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J. Rozenfelds uzsver ar\u012b to, ka N\u012bderlande tikai tagad sper soli liel\u0101kas pensiju kapit\u0101la personaliz\u0113\u0161anas virzien\u0101, kas padar\u012bs pensiju sist\u0113mu taisn\u012bg\u0101ku attiec\u012bb\u0101 pret gados jaun\u0101kajiem pensiju sist\u0113mas dal\u012bbniekiem, kuri l\u012bdz \u0161im netie\u0161i un vismaz da\u013c\u0113ji ir subsid\u0113ju\u0161i vec\u0101k\u0101s paaudzes pensijas. Latvij\u0101 pensijas uzkr\u0101jumu personaliz\u0101cija past\u0101v jau vair\u0101k nek\u0101 25 gadus.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u0160aj\u0101 kontekst\u0101 Latvija izskat\u0101s konceptu\u0101li sagatavota jau sen. M\u016bsu tr\u012bs l\u012bme\u0146u pensiju sist\u0113m\u0101 individualiz\u0101cija ir iestr\u0101d\u0101ta jau p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas: pirmais l\u012bmenis balst\u0101s uz solidarit\u0101tes principu, otrais l\u012bmenis ir oblig\u0101ts fond\u0113ts uzkr\u0101jums ar individu\u0101lu uzskaiti, bet tre\u0161ais \u2013 br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgs. T\u0101p\u0113c N\u012bderlandes virziens dr\u012bz\u0101k apliecina, ka Latvijas sist\u0113mas arhitekt\u016bra ir izveidota pareizi. Galvenie izaicin\u0101jumi pie mums Latvij\u0101 nav mode\u013ca izv\u0113l\u0113, bet gan komunik\u0101cij\u0101 ar pensiju sist\u0113mas dal\u012bbniekiem un riska atbilst\u012bb\u0101 vecumam,\u00bb nor\u0101da A. Dobrovo\u013cska.<\/p>\n
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J\u0101atg\u0101dina, ka N\u012bderlandes darba dev\u0113ju un darba \u0146\u0113m\u0113ju p\u0101rst\u0101vji un N\u012bderlandes vald\u012bba par pensiju sist\u0113mas reformu vienoj\u0101s jau 2019. gad\u0101. 2021. gada beig\u0101s tika izstr\u0101d\u0101ts ties\u012bbu akta priek\u0161likuma projekts, un 2023. gada 30. maij\u0101 tika apstiprin\u0101ts likums. Tas pielika punktu intens\u012bv\u0101m debat\u0113m par likumprojekta saturu. Likums st\u0101j\u0101s sp\u0113k\u0101 2023. gada 1. j\u016blij\u0101, paredzot vair\u0101kus gadus ilgu p\u0101rejas posmu.<\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
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