Efekta b\u016bt\u012bba un izplat\u012btais m\u012bts<\/p>\n
Daninga-Kj\u016bgera efekts, kas apraksta satrauco\u0161u kognit\u012bvo novirzi, kad cilv\u0113ki m\u0113dz p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u0113t savas sp\u0113jas un zin\u0101\u0161anas, ir pla\u0161i zin\u0101ms. Tom\u0113r pla\u0161i izplat\u012bts ir k\u013c\u016bdains priek\u0161stats, ka \u0161is efekts noz\u012bm\u0113, ka neizgl\u012btoti cilv\u0113ki neapzin\u0101s savu nekompetenci. Paties\u012bb\u0101 zin\u0101tnieki Deivids Danings un D\u017eastins Kj\u016bgers, kas \u0161o efektu formul\u0113ja 1999. gad\u0101, dom\u0101ja ko pavisam citu.<\/p>\n
Deivids Danings, kur\u0161 kop\u0161 t\u0101 laika ir papla\u0161in\u0101jis savus p\u0113t\u012bjumus par uztic\u0113\u0161an\u0101s un p\u0101rliec\u012bbas meh\u0101nismiem, paudis, ka nev\u0113l\u0113tos, lai efekta defin\u012bciju izmantotu k\u0101 apvainojumu interneta diskusij\u0101s.<\/p>\n
\n\u201eJebkur\u0101 konkr\u0113t\u0101 t\u0113m\u0101 cilv\u0113kiem, kuri nav eksperti, tr\u016bkst tie\u0161i t\u0101m zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m, kas nepiecie\u0161amas, lai saprastu, cik vi\u0146iem tr\u016bkst zin\u0101\u0161anu. Daninga-Kj\u016bgera efekts agr\u0101k vai v\u0113l\u0101k piemekl\u0113 m\u016bs visus ar m\u016bsu nekompetenci. Tas mums ir neredzams, jo, lai zin\u0101tu, ka kaut ko nezini, ir kaut kas j\u0101zina,\u201d skaidro Deivids Danings, Kornela Universit\u0101tes psiholo\u0123ijas profesors.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Pa\u0161ironija un statistiskais artefakts<\/p>\n
Duninga nov\u0113rojums ir, ka cilv\u0113ks var b\u016bt \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi zino\u0161s vien\u0101 jom\u0101 un piln\u012bb\u0101 nekompetents cit\u0101. Zin\u0101tniekam bie\u017ei uzdod jaut\u0101jumu, kur\u0101s jom\u0101s vi\u0146\u0161 pats izj\u016bt \u0161o efektu. Uz to Danings ironiski atbild:<\/p>\n
\n\u201eJa m\u0113s ar D\u017eastinu esam pareizi nor\u0101d\u012bju\u0161i uz Daninga-Kj\u016bgera efektu, tad esmu p\u0113d\u0113jais, kas zina, kur\u0101s jom\u0101s esmu nekompetents.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Duninga ieskat\u0101 Daninga-Kj\u016bgera efekts liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ir statistisks artefakts, kas paz\u012bstams k\u0101 atgriezenisk\u0101 tendence uz vid\u0113jo v\u0113rt\u012bbu (regresija uz vid\u0113jo). Vi\u0146\u0161 skaidro, ka tie, kas \u013coti slikti tiek gal\u0101 ar testu, m\u0113dz sevi p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u0113t. Savuk\u0101rt tie, kas sasniedz augstus rezult\u0101tus, var sevi tikai nepietiekami nov\u0113rt\u0113t, t\u0101p\u0113c tas ir m\u0113r\u012bjuma k\u013c\u016bda, artefakts.<\/p>\n
Zin\u0101tnieks uzsver, ka ir veikta virkne p\u0113t\u012bjumu, kas apl\u016bko regresiju uz vid\u0113jo, un citi p\u0113tnieki ir apstr\u012bd\u0113ju\u0161i \u0161o artefaktu. Tom\u0113r kritika bie\u017ei koncentr\u0113jas tikai uz pirmajiem diviem no \u010detriem p\u0113t\u012bjumiem, kas tika public\u0113ti 1999. gad\u0101, ignor\u0113jot 25 gadus ilgo turpm\u0101ko izp\u0113ti.<\/p>\n
Motiv\u0113ta sprie\u0161ana un uztic\u0113\u0161an\u0101s<\/p>\n
Pa\u0161laik Danings kop\u0101 ar kol\u0113\u0123iem p\u0113ta to, ko psihologi sauc par motiv\u0113tu sprie\u0161anu. Vienk\u0101r\u0161iem v\u0101rdiem sakot, tas ir pa\u0161apm\u0101ns jeb v\u0113lmes uztvere par realit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n
\n\u201eSaraksts ar rado\u0161ajiem veidiem, k\u0101 cilv\u0113ki non\u0101k pie v\u0113lamajiem secin\u0101jumiem un noraida tos, ko uzskata par draudo\u0161iem, ir iespaid\u012bgs. M\u0113s esam par\u0101d\u012bju\u0161i, ka tas sasniedz pat vizu\u0101l\u0101s uztveres l\u012bmeni: j\u016bs burtiski redzat to, ko v\u0113laties redz\u0113t. Ja m\u0113s jums par\u0101d\u012bsim lieliskus \u0161okol\u0101des trife\u013cus, tie \u0161\u0137it\u012bs fiziski tuv\u0101k nek\u0101 tad, ja m\u0113s \u0146emtu tos pa\u0161us \u0161okol\u0101des trife\u013cus un pied\u0101v\u0101tu jums su\u0146a izk\u0101rtojumu veid\u0101,\u201d atz\u012bm\u0113 Danings.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Papildus tam p\u0113tnieks piev\u0113r\u0161as ar\u012b jaut\u0101jumiem par tic\u012bbu un uztic\u0113\u0161anos. Piem\u0113ram, eksperimentu rezult\u0101ti liecina, ka, balstoties uz standarta ekonomisko anal\u012bzi, nevienam nevajadz\u0113tu uztic\u0113ties, tom\u0113r cilv\u0113ki izr\u0101da iracion\u0101lu uztic\u0113\u0161anos. Iesp\u0113jams, tas ir t\u0101p\u0113c, ka cilv\u0113ki lab\u0101k izvair\u0101s atz\u012bt citus par neuzticamiem, jo tas saist\u012bts ar zin\u0101mu aizvainojumu, un m\u0113s visi esam dzi\u013ci apm\u0101c\u012bti izvair\u012bties no aizvainojumiem.<\/p>\n
No otras puses, Danings nor\u0101da, ka cilv\u0113ki ir ar\u012b apm\u0101c\u012bti tic\u0113t citiem. Vi\u0146\u0161 rezum\u0113, ka inform\u0101cijas laikmet\u0101, kur valda ba\u017eas par sabiedr\u012bbas vieglu pak\u013cau\u0161anos viltus inform\u0101cijai, uztic\u0113\u0161an\u0101s ir vit\u0101li svar\u012bga.<\/p>\n
\n\u201eM\u0113s dz\u012bvojam inform\u0101cijas laikmet\u0101, kad cilv\u0113ki ir noraiz\u0113ju\u0161ies, ka sabiedr\u012bba viegli pak\u013caujas nepatiesai inform\u0101cijai. Bet iedom\u0101jieties, ja m\u0113s tic\u0113tu, ka viss, ko mums saka citi, ir aplams. Civiliz\u0101cija sabruktu! T\u0101tad, m\u0113s esam rad\u012bti k\u0101 uzticami. T\u0101 ir da\u013ca no noteikumiem, kas padara civiliz\u0101ciju iesp\u0113jamu,\u201d skaidro p\u0113tnieks.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Efekta b\u016bt\u012bba un izplat\u012btais m\u012bts Daninga-Kj\u016bgera efekts, kas apraksta satrauco\u0161u kognit\u012bvo novirzi, kad cilv\u0113ki m\u0113dz p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u0113t savas sp\u0113jas…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":81732,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[23,28,29,20591,20590,32,33,22,20592,30,31,35,39,38,36,37,34,40,20,20593,26,27,19009,24,25,21],"class_list":{"0":"post-81731","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-aktualitates","8":"tag-aktualitates","9":"tag-breaking-news","10":"tag-breakingnews","11":"tag-daninga-kjugera-efekts","12":"tag-deivids-danings","13":"tag-featured-news","14":"tag-featurednews","15":"tag-headlines","16":"tag-kognitivie-kludas","17":"tag-latest-news","18":"tag-latestnews","19":"tag-latvia","20":"tag-latvian","21":"tag-latviesu","22":"tag-latviesu-valoda","23":"tag-latviesuvaloda","24":"tag-latvija","25":"tag-lv","26":"tag-news","27":"tag-pasapmans","28":"tag-popularakas-zinas","29":"tag-popularakaszinas","30":"tag-psihologija","31":"tag-top-stories","32":"tag-topstories","33":"tag-zinas"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@lv\/115757057595002864","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81731","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81731"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81731\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81732"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81731"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=81731"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=81731"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}