{"id":262969,"date":"2026-08-15T04:47:12","date_gmt":"2026-08-15T04:47:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ro\/262969\/"},"modified":"2026-08-15T04:47:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-15T04:47:12","slug":"cum-au-reusit-24-de-iepuri-sa-cucereasca-un-intreg-continent-si-sa-provoace-dezastre-invazia-inceputa-in-1859-continua-si-astazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ro\/262969\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum au reu\u0219it 24 de iepuri s\u0103 cucereasc\u0103 un \u00eentreg continent \u0219i s\u0103 provoace dezastre. \u201eInvazia \u00eenceput\u0103 \u00een 1859 continu\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cen 1859, un latifundiar din Australia a eliberat iepurii adu\u0219i din Anglia pentru a-i putea v\u00e2na. Urma\u0219ii celor 24 de animale s-au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00eens\u0103 cu o vitez\u0103 uluitoare \u0219i au obligat autorit\u0103\u021bile s\u0103 ridice garduri de mii de kilometri \u0219i s\u0103 creeze virusuri pentru a-i opri. <\/p>\n

\"Iepuri <\/p>\n

Invazia iepurilor din Australia. Sursa: Science.org<\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1859, un proprietar de p\u0103m\u00e2nturi din Australia a primit 24 de iepuri adu\u0219i din Anglia, pe care inten\u021biona s\u0103 \u00eei creasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eei v\u00e2neze pe domeniul s\u0103u. \u00cen urm\u0103toarele decenii, urma\u0219ii animalelor s-au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit cu o vitez\u0103 uimitoare pe continent, iar popula\u021bia lor avea s\u0103 ajung\u0103, \u00een secolul XX, la sute de milioane de exemplare.<\/p>\n

Iepurii au devenit una dintre cele mai distrug\u0103toare specii invazive<\/a> din Australia. Au devastat p\u0103\u0219uni \u0219i terenuri agricole \u0219i au afectat profund ecosistemele locale. Timp de peste un secol, australienii au \u00eencercat s\u0103 \u00eei \u021bin\u0103 sub control prin v\u00e2n\u0103toare, otr\u0103vire, garduri \u00eentinse pe mii de kilometri \u0219i, mai t\u00e2rziu, prin r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea unor boli.<\/p>\n

Un studiu genetic publicat \u00een 2022 a oferit r\u0103spunsul la \u00eentrebarea privind originea invaziei: aproape toat\u0103 aceast\u0103 popula\u021bie uria\u0219\u0103 poate fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la un singur transport de iepuri sosit din Anglia \u00een urm\u0103 cu peste 160 de ani.<\/p>\n

Cei 24 de iepuri ai lui Thomas Austin <\/p>\n

\u00cen Australia, primele exemplare domestice de iepuri au fost aduse de primi<\/a>i coloni\u0219ti britanici, \u00een 1788, iar \u00een urm\u0103toarele decenii au fost consemnate numeroase alte importuri, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eenmul\u021birea iepurilor a fost \u021binut\u0103 sub control, vreme \u00eendelungat\u0103. <\/p>\n

\"Thomas <\/p>\n

Thomas Austin, latifundiarul care a provocat invazia. Sursa: Science.org<\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1859, Thomas Austin, un englez stabilit la Barwon Park, i-a cerut fratelui s\u0103u William, r\u0103mas \u00een Anglia, s\u0103 \u00eei trimit\u0103 iepuri pe care s\u0103 \u00eei poat\u0103 elibera pe domeniul s\u0103u \u00eentins, pentru v\u00e2n\u0103toare. \u00cen transport au fost inclu\u0219i at\u00e2t iepuri domestici, c\u00e2t \u0219i exemplare s\u0103lbatice capturate \u00een apropierea propriet\u0103\u021bii familiei din Somerset. \u00cen total, 24 de animale au ajuns la Thomas Austin la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 1859.<\/p>\n

\u201eCercet\u0103torii au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 invazia iepurilor, care continu\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een Australia, a \u00eenceput atunci c\u00e2nd Austin a eliberat pe proprietatea sa transportul ini\u021bial de 24 de iepuri\u201d, arat\u0103 Science<\/a>, \u00eentr-un articol dedicat studiului genetic care a reconstituit originea popula\u021biei.<\/p>\n

Iepurii s-au \u00eenmul\u021bit rapid, au p\u0103r\u0103sit domeniul \u0219i au \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eenainteze prin sud-estul Australiei. \u00cen urm\u0103toarele decenii, frontul invaziei s-a deplasat cu aproximativ 100 de kilometri pe an, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd animalele au ajuns s\u0103 ocupe o mare parte a continentului. Cercet\u0103torii consider\u0103 aceast\u0103 expansiune una dintre cele mai rapide coloniz\u0103ri cunoscute \u00een cazul unui mamifer introdus de om.<\/p>\n

Pe urmele iepurilor lui Thomas Austin <\/p>\n

Analizele ADN realizate de cercet\u0103tori pe iepuri din Australia, Tasmania, Noua Zeeland\u0103, Fran\u021ba \u0219i Marea Britanie au \u00eent\u0103rit vechea ipotez\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia invazia pornise chiar de la animalele lui Austin.<\/p>\n

\u201eAm g\u0103sit dovezi genetice care sus\u021bin relat\u0103rile istorice potrivit c\u0103rora ace\u0219tia erau iepuri engleze\u0219ti importa\u021bi \u00een 1859 de un colonist numit Thomas Austin\u201d, arat\u0103 autorii studiului publicat \u00een Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.<\/a><\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii au \u00eencercat s\u0103 explice de ce tocmai ace\u0219ti 24 de iepuri au reu\u0219it s\u0103 cucereasc\u0103 Australia, \u00een condi\u021biile \u00een care alte zeci de transporturi de iepuri ajunseser\u0103 pe continent \u00eenaintea lor. Potrivit Universit\u0103\u021bii Cambridge, iepurii introdu\u0219i \u00een Australia \u00eenainte de 1859 erau adesea descri\u0219i ca fiind bl\u00e2nzi, cu blana \u00een culori neobi\u0219nuite \u0219i cu urechi l\u0103sate, caracteristici asociate raselor domestice \u0219i rareori \u00eent\u00e2lnite la animalele s\u0103lbatice. \u00cen schimb, despre o parte dintre iepurii trimi\u0219i lui Austin se \u0219tia c\u0103 fuseser\u0103 captura\u021bi din s\u0103lb\u0103ticie, iar analiza genetic\u0103 a confirmat aceast\u0103 origine.<\/p>\n

\u201eExist\u0103 numeroase tr\u0103s\u0103turi care ar putea face ca iepurii domestici ajun\u0219i \u00een s\u0103lb\u0103ticie s\u0103 fie slab adapta\u021bi supravie\u021buirii \u00een natur\u0103. Este \u00eens\u0103 posibil ca acestora s\u0103 le fi lipsit varia\u021bia genetic\u0103 necesar\u0103 pentru a se adapta climatului arid \u0219i semiarid al Australiei\u201d, ar\u0103ta\u00a0\u00a0profesorul Francis Jiggins, de la Departamentul de Genetic\u0103 al Universit\u0103\u021bii Cambridge.<\/p>\n

Iepuri mutan\u021bi cu tentacule \u00eengrozesc America. Un virus transform\u0103 animalele \u00een creaturi de co\u0219mar. \u201eNu \u00eei atinge\u021bi\u201d <\/a><\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torul arat\u0103 c\u0103 iepurii australieni au evoluat ulterior, inclusiv prin modific\u0103ri ale formei corpului care \u00eei ajut\u0103 s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i controleze temperatura.<\/p>\n

\u201eEste posibil, a\u0219adar, ca iepurii s\u0103lbatici ai lui Thomas Austin \u0219i urma\u0219ii lor s\u0103 fi avut un avantaj genetic atunci c\u00e2nd a fost vorba despre adaptarea la aceste condi\u021bii\u201d, ar\u0103ta Francis Jiggins.<\/p>\n

\"Autorii <\/p>\n

Joel Alves \u0219i Francis Jiggins la Muzeul zoologic din Cambridge. Foto Universitatea din Cambridge.<\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

Autorii studiului au constatat totu\u0219i c\u0103 descenden\u021bii iepurilor lui Austin aveau \u0219i o component\u0103 important\u0103 de origine domestic\u0103. Aceasta sus\u021bine relat\u0103rile istorice potrivit c\u0103rora \u00een transportul spre Australia s-ar fi aflat at\u00e2t animale s\u0103lbatice, c\u00e2t \u0219i domestice, care s-ar fi putut reproduce \u00eenainte sau chiar \u00een timpul c\u0103l\u0103toriei de aproximativ 80 de zile.<\/p>\n

\u201eSchimb\u0103rile de mediu ar fi putut face Australia vulnerabil\u0103 unei invazii, dar structura genetic\u0103 a unui mic grup de iepuri s\u0103lbatici a aprins una dintre cele mai cunoscute invazii biologice din toate timpurile\u201d,\u00a0informa Joel Alves, autorul principal al studiului.<\/p>\n

Evenimentul petrecut \u00een 1859 a contribuit la transformarea profund\u0103 a ecosistemelor unui continent \u00eentreg.<\/p>\n

\u201eEste un avertisment c\u0103 ac\u021biunile unei singure persoane sau ale c\u00e2torva oameni pot avea un impact devastator asupra mediului\u201d, concluziona Joel Alves.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 70 de ani au ocupat 70% din Australia <\/p>\n

Avantajul genetic al iepurilor lui Thomas Austin s-a transformat treptat \u00eentr-o problem\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103 pentru Australia. Potrivit CSIRO, agen\u021bia na\u021bional\u0103 de cercetare \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a Australiei, \u00een numai 70 de ani animalele s-au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit pe aproximativ 70 la sut\u0103 din suprafa\u021ba continentului, fiind cea mai rapid\u0103 invazie cunoscut\u0103 a unui mamifer.<\/p>\n

Efectele au fost devastatoare. Iepurii au concurat cu animalele domestice pentru hran\u0103, au exercitat o presiune uria\u0219\u0103 asupra p\u0103\u0219unilor, au contribuit la r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea buruienilor \u0219i au accelerat eroziunea solului. \u00cen perioada de v\u00e2rf a invaziei, unele ferme au ajuns chiar s\u0103 fie abandonate din cauza pagubelor provocate de iepuri.<\/p>\n

Lupii dau t\u00e2rcoale unui ora\u0219 din vestul Rom\u00e2niei. \u201eAnimalul de companie al lui Dracula. \u00ce\u0219i c\u0103uta st\u0103p\u00e2nul\u201d <\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1950, popula\u021bia lor ajunsese la aproximativ 600 de milioane de exemplare. \u0218i \u00een prezent, c\u00e2nd num\u0103rul iepurilor este mult mai mic dec\u00e2t \u00eenainte de introducerea mixomatozei, pagubele economice produse de ace\u0219tia sunt estimate la aproximativ 200 de milioane de dolari australieni pe an, la care se adaug\u0103 efectele asupra biodiversit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n

\u201eMai pu\u021bin de un iepure la hectar poate \u00eempiedica complet regenerarea anumitor specii indigene de arbori \u0219i arbu\u0219ti preferate de iepuri\u201d, arat\u0103 CSIRO.<\/a><\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

R\u0103zboiul Australiei cu iepurii <\/p>\n

\u00cen fa\u021ba unei invazii greu de controlat, australienii au luat m\u0103suri nemai\u00eent\u00e2lnite. \u00cen Australia Occidental\u0103, construc\u021bia primului gard numit \u201eRabbit-Proof Fence\u201d a \u00eenceput \u00een 1901. Ulterior au fost ridicate \u00eenc\u0103 dou\u0103 bariere, iar \u00eempreun\u0103 cele trei garduri au dep\u0103\u0219it 3.000 de kilometri. Nici acestea nu au reu\u0219it \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 invazia.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1950, c\u00e2nd popula\u021bia ajunsese la aproximativ 600 de milioane de iepuri, cercet\u0103torii au eliberat deliberat virusul myxoma, provocator al mixomatozei. Potrivit CSIRO, a fost primul program reu\u0219it din lume de control biologic al unui mamifer d\u0103un\u0103tor \u0219i a redus drastic num\u0103rul iepurilor.<\/p>\n

Efectul nu a fost definitiv. Supravie\u021buitorii au devenit treptat mai rezisten\u021bi, iar popula\u021biile au \u00eenceput din nou s\u0103 creasc\u0103. \u00cen 1996 a fost introdus un alt virus, RHDV, iar \u00een 2015 a fost identificat\u0103 tulpina RHDV2, care s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit pe \u00eentreg continentul \u00een numai 18 luni \u0219i a redus, \u00een medie, popula\u021biile s\u0103lbatice de iepuri cu aproximativ 60 la sut\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pe pagina sa, CSIRO descrie rela\u021bia dintre iepuri \u0219i virusurile folosite \u00eempotriva lor drept o adev\u0103rat\u0103 \u201ecurs\u0103 a \u00eenarm\u0103rii\u201d evolutive, \u00een care animalele continu\u0103 s\u0103 dezvolte rezisten\u021b\u0103, iar metodele de control trebuie permanent adaptate.<\/p>\n

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