{"id":268135,"date":"2026-08-19T10:18:27","date_gmt":"2026-08-19T10:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ro\/268135\/"},"modified":"2026-08-19T10:18:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T10:18:27","slug":"verile-care-au-parjolit-europa-cele-mai-cumplite-catastrofe-climatice-din-istorie-cand-dunarea-putea-fi-traversata-la-pas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/ro\/268135\/","title":{"rendered":"Verile care au p\u00e2rjolit Europa. Cele mai cumplite catastrofe climatice din istorie, c\u00e2nd Dun\u0103rea putea fi traversat\u0103 la pas"},"content":{"rendered":"

De-a lungul istoriei au existat perioade de secet\u0103 \u0219i canicul\u0103 mult mai cumplite dec\u00e2t ceea ce experiment\u0103m ast\u0103zi. Au fost anii care au r\u0103mas \u00een anale ca fiind sezoane ale mor\u021bii, cu zeci de mii de victime \u0219i consecin\u021be pe termen lung. Trei dintre acestea au fost cele mai catastrofale.<\/p>\n

\"Distrugeri <\/p>\n

Triumful mor\u021bii un tablou al lui Pieter Brugel cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n FOTO Smithsonianmag<\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

\u00cen ultimii zece ani, verile \u00een Europa au devenit extrem de secetoase \u0219i caniculare, marcate de valuri de c\u0103ldur\u0103 timpurii, dobor\u00e2ri de recorduri termice istorice \u0219i un deficit accentuat de precipita\u021bii care a generat secet\u0103 pedologic\u0103 extins\u0103. Conform statisticilor, Europa se \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219te acum de dou\u0103 ori mai repede dec\u00e2t media global\u0103. Unul dintre marile \u0219ocuri de anul acesta a fost sc\u0103derea debitului Dun\u0103rii, inclusiv pe teritoriul Rom\u00e2niei. <\/p>\n

\u00cen anumite puncte hidrografice s-a ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape de secarea marelui fluviu. \u00cen special, este vorba despre secetele \u0219i perioadele caniculare din anii 1473, 1540 \u0219i 1757. Istoricii \u0219i meteorologii au \u00eencadrat acei ani aproape la categoria dezastrelor climatice. C\u0103ldura excesiv\u0103 \u0219i consecin\u021bele secetei au dus la moartea a sute de mii de oameni. Au fost ani \u00een care nimeni nu \u0219i-ar fi dorit s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103, perioade \u00een care oamenii se p\u00e2rjoleau efectiv la umbr\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dezastrul din anul 1473. Cea mai fierbinte var\u0103 din ultimul mileniu <\/p>\n

\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu anul 1471, Europa a \u00eenceput s\u0103 experimenteze veri caniculare, nefire\u0219ti, secondate de episoade de secet\u0103. Era doar un avertisment pentru ceea ce avea s\u0103 urmeze. \u00cen anul 1473, peste Europa s-a ab\u0103tut un val de canicul\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 precedent, urmat de o secet\u0103 care a \u00eengenuncheat popula\u021bia Europei. A fost un adev\u0103rat dezastru care a durat un an \u0219i dou\u0103 luni, afect\u00e2nd Europa Occidental\u0103, Central\u0103 \u0219i de Est, precum \u0219i sudul Scandinaviei, Irlanda, nordul Italiei \u0219i anumite regiuni din Spania. <\/p>\n

Din punctul de vedere al duratei \u0219i al extinderii geografice, aceasta a fost probabil cea mai ampl\u0103 \u0219i mai sever\u0103 perioad\u0103 de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u0219i secet\u0103 \u00eenregistrat\u0103 \u00een Europa \u00een ultimul mileniu. Tiparele meteorologice \u0219i efectele acestora au fost reconstruite pe baza unor relat\u0103ri consecvente consemnate \u00een documentele istorice contemporane. Situa\u021bia a fost at\u00e2t de grav\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t nici nu putem imagina ast\u0103zi cum ar fi putut supravie\u021bui unei asemenea cataclisme. \u00cen Spania, Elve\u021bia, Anglia, Belgia, \u021a\u0103rile de Jos, Fran\u021ba, Polonia, Germania \u0219i chiar Principatele Rom\u00e2ne, nu au existat deloc precipita\u021bii \u00een iarna anului 1472-1473. <\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

Doar c\u00e2teva zile ploioase la Metz \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 niciun fulg de z\u0103pad\u0103 la Basel. Situa\u021bia era at\u00e2t de grav\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t cire\u0219ii au \u00eenflorit de dou\u0103 ori pe an. Adic\u0103 \u0219i \u00een luna noiembrie. Pe la mijlocul lunii, c\u00e2nd de obicei ningea, cire\u0219ele s-au copt \u0219i au putut fi recoltate. \u00cen luna decembrie, \u00eenfloreau tot soiul de plante, d\u00e2nd impresia oamenilor c\u0103 venea Apocalipsa. Din cauza unui val nefiresc de c\u0103ldur\u0103, nu a fost iarn\u0103 aproape deloc, iar multe plante sau culturi se dezvoltau \u0219i cu 4-5 luni \u00eenainte de termen. La Metz, culesul strugurilor albi a \u00eenceput pe 13 august, iar \u00een ora\u0219ul Beaune, strugurii ro\u0219ii din soiul Pinot Noir au fost recolta\u021bi \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 5 septembrie. \u00cen \u00eemprejurimile ora\u0219ului Basel, cire\u0219ii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eenfloreasc\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul lunii martie. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i cei mai \u00eenal\u021bi mun\u021bi au r\u0103mas f\u0103r\u0103 z\u0103pad\u0103, scria \u00een jurnalul s\u0103u personal juristul Johannes Knebel din Basel. \u00cen vara lui 1473, soarele a ars ca niciodat\u0103 \u0219i a p\u00e2rjolit totul. Arborii \u0219i-au pierdut efectiv frunzele, iar r\u00e2urile \u0219i p\u00e2raiele au secat complet. Marile cursuri de ap\u0103, precum Rinul sau Dun\u0103rea<\/a>, aveau un debit at\u00e2t de mic, \u00eenc\u00e2t puteau fi traversate cu piciorul \u00een multe locuri. Adic\u0103 este foarte posibil ca Dun\u0103rea s\u0103 fi avut un debit mult mai mic ca-n prezent. Marile lacuri se transformau \u00een mla\u0219tini. <\/p>\n

Consecin\u021bele economice \u0219i sanitare au fost efectiv catastrofale. Majoritatea morilor au \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai func\u021bioneze. Acest lucru, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu seceta care a ajuns s\u0103 p\u00e2rjoleasc\u0103 c\u00e2mpurile, a l\u0103sat popula\u021bia f\u0103r\u0103 m\u00e2ncare. Incendiile de vegeta\u021bie izbucneau necontrolat, arz\u00e2nd ogoare, a\u0219ez\u0103ri \u0219i oameni de vii, mai ales \u00een sudul Europei. Livezi \u0219i vii se uscau la soare. Oamenii mureau din cauza caniculei, dar \u0219i a bolilor infec\u021bioase care ap\u0103reau din cauza mizeriei, a foametei \u0219i a lipsei de ap\u0103. \u201e\u00cen anul 1473, \u00een luna august, a avut loc o procesiune \u00eempotriva mor\u021bii subite, precum \u0219i pentru a cere ploaie \u00een timpul unei perioade secetoase \u0219i c\u0103lduroase. Nimeni dintre cei care tr\u0103iau \u00een aceste \u021binuturi nu \u00ee\u0219i amintea de o perioad\u0103 at\u00e2t de excesiv de c\u0103lduroas\u0103 \u0219i lipsit\u0103 de ploaie, care a f\u0103cut ca strugurii de pe vi\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 se ofileasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 se strice aproape \u00een \u00eentregime\u201d, arat\u0103 o relatare de epoc\u0103. Unii mureau pur \u0219i simplu de c\u0103ldur\u0103, cu febr\u0103 acut\u0103 \u0219i hipertermie, sete sever\u0103 \u0219i reac\u021bii inflamatorii. Al\u021bii de cium\u0103 sau dizenterie, de la apa contaminat\u0103. Ninsorile din iarna lui 1474 au venit ca o izb\u0103vire, \u00een fa\u021ba unei veri at\u00e2t de extreme, \u00eenc\u00e2t a ucis aproape 2% din popula\u021bia Europei.<\/p>\n

Weekend cu temperaturi de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 35 de grade Celsius. ANM a emis cod galben de canicul\u0103 <\/a>Canicula care a dat peste cap p\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i sistemele moderne <\/p>\n

La aproape un secol de la dezastrul din 1473, a urmat un altul, aproape la fel de intens. Cercet\u0103rile moderne, efectuate mai ales de Andrea Toreti, cercet\u0103tor \u00een cadrul Centrului Comun de Cercetare al Comisiei Europene, cu sediul la Milano, au ajuns la concluzii absolut \u0219ocante. Mai precis, \u00een anul 1540 a fost \u00eenregistrat\u0103 cea mai grav\u0103 mega-secet\u0103 din ultima jum\u0103tate de mileniu. C\u0103ldura din timpul secetei <\/a>din 1540 a fost at\u00e2t de extrem\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t nici m\u0103car cele mai avansate modele climatice moderne nu au reu\u0219it s\u0103 o anticipeze, chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd au fost alimentate cu date climatice care acopereau aproape 1.200 de ani. Se spune c\u0103 ceea ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een 1540 a fost cu adev\u0103rat extrem. Mai precis, cronicile italiene din secolul al XVI-lea precizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een acea iarn\u0103 nu a nins \u0219i nici nu a plouat deloc. Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, \u00een multe p\u0103r\u021bi din Europa nu au c\u0103zut precipita\u021bii deloc timp de \u0219ase luni. Speciali\u0219tii consider\u0103 c\u0103 cantitatea de precipita\u021bii \u00een Europa Occidental\u0103 \u0219i Central\u0103 sc\u0103zuse cu 80%. <\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

Era vorba despre un continent calamitat. Ca \u0219i \u00een 1472, marile r\u00e2uri din Europa au \u00eenregistrat un debit ireal. Rinul, Elba sau Sena puteau fi traversate cu piciorul, f\u0103r\u0103 probleme. Tamisa a ajuns la un nivel at\u00e2t de sc\u0103zut, \u00eenc\u00e2t apa m\u0103rii a p\u0103truns \u00een amonte \u0219i a inversat direc\u021bia de curgere a r\u00e2ului. La fel cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 ast\u0103zi cu Dun\u0103rea, retragerea apelor a scos la iveal\u0103 vestigii ale trecutului. Cronicarii vorbesc inclusiv despre comori g\u0103site din vremea romanilor. Bucuria oamenilor a fost de scurt\u0103 durat\u0103, fiindc\u0103, cu toate monedele de aur romane g\u0103site, nu puteau cump\u0103ra mai nimic. <\/p>\n

Produc\u021bia agricol\u0103 a fost efectiv p\u00e2rjolit\u0103. \u00cen sol erau cr\u0103p\u0103turi at\u00e2t de mari, \u00eenc\u00e2t oamenii puteau s\u0103 intre cu picioarele direct \u00een ele. Predicatori precum Martin Luther anun\u021bau deja Apocalipsa. Se organizau slujbe aproape zilnice, prin care preo\u021bii, cu mul\u021bimile de oameni, implorau venirea ploii. Singura consolare era produc\u021bia de vin, care, \u00een mod bizar, \u00eenregistrase un succes incredibil. Era at\u00e2t de mult vin, \u00eenc\u00e2t se vindea aproape pe nimic. Cronicarul Hermann von Weinsberg, care scria din K\u00f6ln, descria oameni din \u00eentregul ora\u0219 z\u0103c\u00e2nd be\u021bi mor\u021bi pe marginea str\u0103zilor, \u201eca porcii\u201d. <\/p>\n

Seceta \u0219i c\u0103ldura excesiv\u0103 au adus \u00eens\u0103 mizerie, foamete, miasme r\u0103u mirositoare \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, boli cumplite. Din cauza apei contaminate s-a declan\u0219at o epidemie cumplit\u0103 de dizenterie. Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, de la Universitatea din Stockholm, estima c\u0103, din cauza dizenteriei provocate de canicul\u0103, au murit o jum\u0103tate de milion de europeni. Catastrofa era total\u0103, vitele \u0219i oamenii mureau pe capete din cauza foametei, insola\u021biei \u0219i bolilor. Dac\u0103 vinul era foarte ieftin, p\u00e2inea era incredibil de scump\u0103. Produc\u021bia de lactate a Europei a suferit o pr\u0103bu\u0219ire f\u0103r\u0103 precedent. Incendiile f\u0103ceau ravagii. Mai ales \u00een ora\u0219ele medievale cu str\u0103zi \u00eenguste \u0219i multe case de lemn. <\/p>\n

Marile r\u00e2uri ale Europei sunt pe cale de dispari\u021bie. Continentul se va confrunta cu un \u0219oc. Valul de c\u0103ldur\u0103 anormal distruge afacerile din Europa <\/a><\/p>\n

De exemplu, incendiul din ora\u0219ul german Einbeck a provocat moartea a 500 de oameni. \u00centregul ora\u0219 s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it \u00een doar c\u00e2teva ore. Pe drumurile desfundate ale Europei b\u00e2ntuiau sute de mii de oameni f\u0103r\u0103 locuin\u021be, f\u0103r\u0103 locuri de munc\u0103, bolnavi, insola\u021bi \u0219i fl\u0103m\u00e2nzi. Paranoia a dus la lupte de strad\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103utarea de \u021bapi isp\u0103\u0219itori. A fost un dezastru continental.<\/p>\n

Vremea \u201efebrelor putrede\u201d <\/p>\n

O ar\u0219i\u021b\u0103 foarte puternic\u0103 a avut loc \u0219i \u00een anul 1757, un alt cataclism canicular c\u0103zut pe capul europenilor. Se spune c\u0103 a fost cea mai c\u0103lduroas\u0103 var\u0103 din intervalul 1540-2003. Temperatura medie a fost de 37,5 de grade Celsius \u00een luna iulie a anului 1757. Majoritatea m\u0103rturiilor privind acea var\u0103 canicular\u0103 a anului 1757 ne-au r\u0103mas de la medicul John Huxham, \u00een lucrarea \u201eAn Account of the Extraordinary Heat of the Weather in July 1757, and the Effects of It\u201d. <\/p>\n

publicitate”); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat;”><\/p>\n

M\u0103rturiile l\u0103sate de medic sunt cutremur\u0103toare. A fost at\u00e2t de cald, \u00eenc\u00e2t oamenii sufereau de \u201ehemoragii din mai multe p\u0103r\u021bi ale corpului\u201d, mai ales s\u00e2nger\u0103ri nazale \u0219i probabil multe accidente vasculare. \u00cen plus, mul\u021bi oameni acuzau \u201edureri bru\u0219te \u0219i violente de cap, ame\u021beli, transpira\u021bii abundente, sl\u0103biciune extrem\u0103 \u0219i o ap\u0103sare puternic\u0103 asupra st\u0103rii de spirit\u201d. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, se vorbe\u0219te de \u201efebrele putrede\u201d, care indicau boli foarte severe favorizate de caniculara extrem\u0103. Oamenii erau dispera\u021bi, mureau de cald \u0219i la umbr\u0103. C\u0103ldura era efectiv toropitoare. \u201eAm crezut c\u0103 voi muri din cauza c\u0103ldurii! C\u00e2\u021bi ani de acum \u00eenainte vom vorbi despre vara lui 1757!\u201d, preciza scriitorul Horace Walpole. Canicula a fost at\u00e2t de insuportabil\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t a ajuns \u0219i \u00een scrierile literare. \u201ePierdut este chipul \u00eensufle\u021bit al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului; izvoarele sunt sc\u0103zute, \u0219an\u021burile cu trestie sunt uscate; niciun loc verde nu se mai g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een \u00eentreaga vale, \u00een afar\u0103 de ceea ce ofer\u0103 rezervele ne\u00eentrerupte ale acelui p\u00e2r\u00e2u\u201d, se arat\u0103 \u00eentr-o poezie a lui John Scott de Amwell.<\/p>\n

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