{"id":103444,"date":"2026-06-21T01:27:12","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T01:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/103444\/"},"modified":"2026-06-21T01:27:12","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T01:27:12","slug":"mor-je-ovela-starsi-ako-sme-si-mysleli-ludi-zabijal-uz-pred-5-500-rokmi-davno-pred-mestami-potkanmi-a-stredovekymi-epidemiami-vosveteit-sk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/103444\/","title":{"rendered":"Mor je ove\u013ea star\u0161\u00ed, ako sme si mysleli. \u013dud\u00ed zab\u00edjal u\u017e pred 5 500 rokmi, d\u00e1vno pred mestami, potkanmi a stredovek\u00fdmi epid\u00e9miami | Vosveteit.sk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mor si v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed spoj\u00ed so stredovekom, preplnen\u00fdmi mestami a obrovsk\u00fdmi epid\u00e9miami, ktor\u00e9 vymazali polovicu Eur\u00f3py. Nov\u00fd v\u00fdskum v\u0161ak pos\u00fava t\u00fato predstavu ove\u013ea hlb\u0161ie do minulosti. Choroba sa \u0161\u00edrila medzi \u013eu\u010fmi u\u017e pred pribli\u017ene 5 500 rokmi, teda d\u00e1vno pred vznikom miest, ak\u00e9 dnes pozn\u00e1\u0161 z dejepisu.<\/p>\n

Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd t\u00edm vedcov, ktor\u00fd viedla University of Cambridge<\/a>, zrekon\u0161truoval najstar\u0161ie zn\u00e1me gen\u00f3my bakt\u00e9rie Yersinia pestis<\/a>, ktor\u00e1 mor sp\u00f4sobuje. DNA z\u00edskali z \u013eudsk\u00fdch pozostatkov v oblasti jazera Bajkal v dne\u0161nej v\u00fdchodnej Sib\u00edri. Ne\u0161lo o mestsk\u00e9 cintor\u00edny ani masov\u00e9 hroby z \u010dias stredoveku, ale o pohrebisk\u00e1 lovcov a zbera\u010dov, ktor\u00ed \u017eili v mal\u00fdch a pohybliv\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

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Odoberaj Vosveteit.sk cez Telegram a prihl\u00e1s sa k odberu spr\u00e1v
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Vedci na\u0161li genetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l v zuboch 18 zo 46 jedincov. Tak vysok\u00fd podiel infekcie ich prekvapil. <\/p>\n

\u201eNa z\u00e1klade DNA moru, genetick\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov obet\u00ed a r\u00e1diokarb\u00f3nov\u00e9ho datovania sme vytvorili ve\u013emi jasn\u00fd obraz toho, \u010do sa po\u010das t\u00fdchto epid\u00e9mi\u00ed stalo,\u201c uviedol ved\u00faci autor v\u00fdskumu Ruairidh Macleod.<\/p>\n

Mor ne\u010dakal na mest\u00e1 ani potkany<\/p>\n

Dlh\u00e9 roky sa predpokladalo, \u017ee mor potreboval na \u0161\u00edrenie mestsk\u00e9 prostredie, potkany<\/a> a blchy. Tento model vysvet\u013eoval najm\u00e4 stredovek\u00e9 epid\u00e9mie. Nov\u00e9 d\u00e1ta v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00fa in\u00fd scen\u00e1r. Star\u00e9 kmene bakt\u00e9rie s\u00edce e\u0161te nemali niektor\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 vlastnosti, ktor\u00e9 nesk\u00f4r umo\u017enili efekt\u00edvne \u0161\u00edrenie cez blchy, no napriek tomu dok\u00e1zali zab\u00edja\u0165 vo ve\u013ekom. Vedci t\u00fdm spochybnili predstavu, \u017ee ran\u00e9 formy moru boli mierne alebo m\u00e1lo nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Hist\u00f3ria\"Hist\u00f3riaBakt\u00e9ria Yersinia Pestis. Zdroj: Wikimedia (Public Domain)<\/p>\n

\u201eSkor\u00e9 kmene u\u017e mali kombin\u00e1ciu vlastnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1zali sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ve\u013emi \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 infekcie,\u201c hovor\u00ed profesor Eske Willerslev z Kodanskej univerzity.<\/p>\n

Archeol\u00f3govia si u\u017e desa\u0165ro\u010dia v\u0161\u00edmali zvl\u00e1\u0161tny vzorec v pohrebisk\u00e1ch z oblasti Bajkalu. V hroboch sa nach\u00e1dzalo nezvy\u010dajne ve\u013ea det\u00ed a mlad\u00fdch t\u00edned\u017eerov. Teraz sa tento jav dostal do nov\u00e9ho svetla. Anal\u00fdza uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee epid\u00e9mie<\/a> prebehli v kr\u00e1tkych \u010dasov\u00fdch \u00fasekoch. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch pochovali spolu s\u00farodencov alebo rodi\u010dov s de\u0165mi. To nazna\u010duje r\u00fdchly priebeh ochorenia v r\u00e1mci komunity.<\/p>\n

Neprehliadni
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\"Samsung\"Samsung <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tTieto nov\u00e9 funkcie v Samsung telef\u00f3noch ti pom\u00f4\u017eu ochr\u00e1ni\u0165 s\u00fakromie. Cudz\u00ed \u010dlovek ved\u013ea teba u\u017e len tak neuvid\u00ed, \u010do rob\u00ed\u0161 na mobile <\/p>\n

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\u201ePo desa\u0165ro\u010diach v\u00fdskumu kone\u010dne d\u00e1va zmysel, pre\u010do sme nach\u00e1dzali to\u013eko det\u00ed v t\u00fdchto hroboch,\u201c hovor\u00ed archeol\u00f3g Andrzej Weber z University of Alberta.<\/p>\n

Star\u00e9 kmene Yersinia pestis obsahovali biologick\u00fa superzbra\u0148<\/p>\n

Jedno z najzauj\u00edmavej\u0161\u00edch zisten\u00ed sa t\u00fdka samotnej bakt\u00e9rie. Star\u00e9 kmene obsahovali \u0161pecifick\u00fd faktor naz\u00fdvan\u00fd superantig\u00e9n. Tento mechanizmus sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a extr\u00e9mnu reakciu imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Telo za\u010dne reagova\u0165 tak silno, \u017ee si samo sp\u00f4sob\u00ed v\u00e1\u017ene po\u0161kodenie. Vedci ho sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa s \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdmi z\u00e1palov\u00fdmi<\/a> stavmi, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu r\u00fdchlo skon\u010di\u0165 smr\u0165ou.<\/p>\n

\u201eTento objav men\u00ed na\u0161e ch\u00e1panie najstar\u0161\u00edch epid\u00e9mi\u00ed moru,\u201c uviedol spoluautor \u0161t\u00fadie Martin Sikora: \u201eAj bez efekt\u00edvneho \u0161\u00edrenia cez blchy dok\u00e1zali tieto kmene zab\u00edja\u0165 ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo.\u201c<\/p>\n

Dnes pozn\u00e1\u0161 mor hlavne ako chorobu potkanov a b\u013ach. Nov\u00fd v\u00fdskum v\u0161ak ukazuje mo\u017en\u00fd star\u0161\u00ed model prenosu. Lovci a zbera\u010di v oblasti Sib\u00edri prich\u00e1dzali do kontaktu s divok\u00fdmi hlodavcami, najm\u00e4 s svi\u0161\u0165ami a podobn\u00fdmi zvieratami. Tie dodnes nes\u00fa bakt\u00e9riu moru. Vedci preto predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee infekcia<\/a> presko\u010dila priamo zo zvierat na \u013eud\u00ed bez potreby mestsk\u00e9ho prostredia.<\/p>\n

Tento scen\u00e1r pos\u00fava p\u00f4vod choroby hlboko do prehistorick\u00e9ho obdobia. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 nazna\u010duje, \u017ee mor mohol by\u0165 probl\u00e9mom \u013eud\u00ed u\u017e v \u010dase, ke\u010f \u017eili v mal\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch a pohybovali sa krajinou.<\/p>\n

\"V\u00edrusy\"\"V\u00edrusy\"Zdroj: (CC BY 2.0), National Museum of Health and Medicine, flickr.com via Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee mor nebol \u201eproduktom civiliz\u00e1cie\u201c, ako sa dlho myslelo. Objavil sa sk\u00f4r ako star\u00e1 pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 hrozba, ktor\u00e1 sa dok\u00e1zala prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 r\u00f4znym podmienkam. V\u00fdskum tie\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee bakt\u00e9rie sa menia pomal\u0161ie aj r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie z\u00e1rove\u0148, niektor\u00e9 vlastnosti zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa tis\u00edce rokov, in\u00e9 sa vyvin\u00fa v kr\u00e1tkom \u010dase a zmenia sp\u00f4sob \u0161\u00edrenia. Vedci zatia\u013e hovoria sk\u00f4r o pos\u00favan\u00ed hran\u00edc poznania ne\u017e o uzavret\u00fdch z\u00e1veroch. <\/p>\n

\u201eZ DNA t\u00fdchto obet\u00ed sme z\u00edskali ve\u013emi jasn\u00fd obraz, ale st\u00e1le vid\u00edme len \u010das\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho pr\u00edbehu,\u201c uviedol Macleod.<\/p>\n

Mor tak st\u00e1le zost\u00e1va chorobou, ktor\u00e1 nepatr\u00ed iba do u\u010debn\u00edc o stredoveku. Jeho hist\u00f3ria siaha ove\u013ea hlb\u0161ie a mo\u017eno e\u0161te st\u00e1le skr\u00fdva nieko\u013eko kapitol, ktor\u00e9 sa podar\u00ed pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 a\u017e bud\u00facim v\u00fdskumom.<\/p>\n


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