{"id":135942,"date":"2026-07-28T22:20:13","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T22:20:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/135942\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T22:20:13","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T22:20:13","slug":"preco-niektori-fajciari-rakovinu-nikdy-nedostanu-a-ini-ano-vedci-nasli-mozne-vysvetlenie-vosveteit-sk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/135942\/","title":{"rendered":"Pre\u010do niektor\u00ed faj\u010diari rakovinu nikdy nedostan\u00fa a in\u00ed \u00e1no? Vedci na\u0161li mo\u017en\u00e9 vysvetlenie | Vosveteit.sk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dvaja \u013eudia m\u00f4\u017eu roky faj\u010di\u0165 rovnak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo cigariet. Jeden dostane rakovinu p\u013e\u00fac, druh\u00fd nie. Ochorenie sa pritom m\u00f4\u017ee objavi\u0165 aj u \u010dloveka, ktor\u00fd nikdy nefaj\u010dil. Pre\u010do organizmus reaguje na rovnak\u00e9 riziko tak rozdielne?<\/p>\n

Vedci z University of Cambridge<\/a> z\u00edskali nov\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy, \u017ee \u010das\u0165 odpovede sa ukr\u00fdva v genetickej v\u00fdbave, ktor\u00fa si nesieme od narodenia.<\/p>\n

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Odoberaj Vosveteit.sk cez Telegram a prihl\u00e1s sa k odberu spr\u00e1v
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Vroden\u00e9 rozdiely medzi \u013eu\u010fmi m\u00f4\u017eu meni\u0165 sp\u00f4sob, ak\u00fdm bunky reaguj\u00fa na po\u0161kodenie DNA. Ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa po\u010det nahromaden\u00fdch mut\u00e1ci\u00ed, to, ktor\u00e9 z nich sa presadia, aj cestu, po ktorej sa za\u010dne vyv\u00edja\u0165 n\u00e1dor. Rovnak\u00e1 \u0161kodliv\u00e1 l\u00e1tka preto nemus\u00ed v dvoch organizmoch spusti\u0165 rovnak\u00fd sled udalost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1dor nevznikne po jednej cigarete ani po jednom dni str\u00e1venom na slnku. Bunky po\u010das \u017eivota zbieraj\u00fa chyby v DNA<\/a>, teda mut\u00e1cie. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich nemus\u00ed sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ni\u010d v\u00e1\u017ene. Niektor\u00e9 v\u0161ak zasiahnu g\u00e9ny, ktor\u00e9 kontroluj\u00fa rast bunky, opravu po\u0161kodenia alebo jej prirodzen\u00fa smr\u0165.<\/p>\n

Po\u0161koden\u00e1 bunka potom m\u00f4\u017ee ignorova\u0165 sign\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 by ju za norm\u00e1lnych okolnost\u00ed zastavili. Za\u010dne sa deli\u0165 a odovzd\u00e1va\u0165 chybn\u00fa DNA \u010fal\u0161\u00edm bunk\u00e1m. Tak vznik\u00e1 z\u00e1klad, z ktor\u00e9ho sa m\u00f4\u017ee \u010dasom vyvin\u00fa\u0165 n\u00e1dor.<\/p>\n

Neprehliadni
\n <\/p>\n

\"vladimir\"vladimir <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tHackeri odhalili z\u00e1kulisie ruskej cenz\u00fary. M\u00e9di\u00e1 mali zataji\u0165 palivov\u00fa kr\u00edzu aj z\u00e1bery z \u00fatoku na Moskvu <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Mno\u017estvo po\u0161koden\u00ed ovplyv\u0148uje prostredie. Cigaretov\u00fd dym obsahuje l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 nap\u00e1daj\u00fa genetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Podobne p\u00f4sob\u00ed ultrafialov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie zo slnka \u010di niektor\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie. Vystavenie rizikov\u00e9mu faktoru v\u0161ak e\u0161te nie je rozsudok. Rozhoduje aj to, ako sa s po\u0161koden\u00edm vyrovnaj\u00fa samotn\u00e9 bunky.<\/p>\n

Pri \u013eu\u010foch sa genetika od \u017eivotn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fdlu odde\u013euje len \u0165a\u017eko<\/p>\n

Vedci u\u017e d\u00e1vnej\u0161ie tu\u0161ili, \u017ee vroden\u00e9 g\u00e9ny ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa n\u00e1chylnos\u0165 na rakovinu. Pri \u013eu\u010foch sa to v\u0161ak dokazuje mimoriadne \u0165a\u017eko.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek sa inak stravuje, \u017eije v inom prostred\u00ed a prich\u00e1dza do kontaktu s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mno\u017estvom \u0161kodliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tok. Rozdielny je aj po\u010det vyfaj\u010den\u00fdch cigariet, d\u013a\u017eka faj\u010denia, pracovn\u00e9 prostredie \u010di zdravotn\u00fd stav. Ak jeden faj\u010diar ochorie a druh\u00fd nie, nie je jednoduch\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165, ak\u00fa \u010das\u0165 rozdielu sp\u00f4sobila genetika.<\/p>\n

\"rakovina\"\"rakovina\"Zdroj: vitanovski \/ depositphotos.com<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00edci preto zvolili experiment, pri ktorom dok\u00e1zali vonkaj\u0161ie podmienky dr\u017ea\u0165 pod kontrolou. Vytvorili \u0161tyri skupiny my\u0161\u00ed s rozdielnou genetickou v\u00fdbavou a odli\u0161nou n\u00e1chylnos\u0165ou na rakovinu pe\u010dene. Rozdiely medzi skupinami mali pod\u013ea autorov pripom\u00edna\u0165 genetick\u00fa rozmanitos\u0165, ak\u00fa vid\u00edme medzi \u013eudsk\u00fdmi popul\u00e1ciami.<\/p>\n

V\u0161etk\u00fdm my\u0161iam podali rovnak\u00fa d\u00e1vku dietylnitrozam\u00ednu, zn\u00e1meho pod skratkou DEN. Ide o l\u00e1tku po\u0161kodzuj\u00facu DNA, ktor\u00e1 sa nach\u00e1dza napr\u00edklad v tabakovom dyme a niektor\u00fdch spracovan\u00fdch potravin\u00e1ch. V pe\u010de\u0148ov\u00fdch bunk\u00e1ch m\u00f4\u017ee vyvola\u0165 mut\u00e1cie<\/a>, z ktor\u00fdch sa nesk\u00f4r rozvinie n\u00e1dor.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 my\u0161 dostala d\u00e1vku v rovnakom veku, konkr\u00e9tne na 15. de\u0148 \u017eivota. Vedci t\u00fdm odstr\u00e1nili ve\u013ek\u00fa \u010das\u0165 rozdielov, ktor\u00e9 komplikuj\u00fa v\u00fdskum na \u013eu\u010foch. Menila sa najm\u00e4 genetick\u00e1 v\u00fdbava.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm n\u00e1sledne presk\u00famal gen\u00f3my a aktivitu g\u00e9nov v takmer 600 n\u00e1doroch. V\u00fdsledky porovnal aj s my\u0161ami, ktor\u00e9 l\u00e1tku DEN nedostali. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 d\u00e1ta v\u00fdskumn\u00edkom umo\u017enili sp\u00e4tne posklada\u0165, ak\u00e1 mut\u00e1cia od\u0161tartovala rast n\u00e1doru a \u010do sa s bunkami dialo nesk\u00f4r.<\/p>\n

Rovnak\u00fd cie\u013e, ale in\u00e1 cesta k n\u00e1doru<\/p>\n

Takmer v\u0161etky n\u00e1dory nakoniec aktivovali sign\u00e1lny syst\u00e9m ozna\u010dovan\u00fd ako MAPK. Ide o re\u0165azec molekul\u00e1rnych pr\u00edkazov, ktor\u00fdm si bunky odovzd\u00e1vaj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie o raste, delen\u00ed a dozrievan\u00ed. Ke\u010f sa tento syst\u00e9m pokaz\u00ed, bunka m\u00f4\u017ee dosta\u0165 trval\u00fd pokyn, aby pokra\u010dovala v raste.<\/p>\n

Hoci n\u00e1dory zapli rovnak\u00fa dr\u00e1hu, neurobili to rovnak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. V jednotliv\u00fdch genetick\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch sa presadili odli\u0161n\u00e9 rakovinov\u00e9 mut\u00e1cie. Tie potom menili aj aktivitu \u010fal\u0161\u00edch syst\u00e9mov spojen\u00fdch s rastom a pre\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm n\u00e1doru.<\/p>\n

I\u0161lo o takzvan\u00e9 driver mut\u00e1cie. S\u00fa to zmeny, ktor\u00e9 po\u0161koden\u00fdm bunk\u00e1m poskytn\u00fa v\u00fdhodu nad ich zdrav\u00fdmi susedmi. Bunka sa m\u00f4\u017ee deli\u0165 r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, \u013eah\u0161ie pre\u017ei\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie po\u0161kodenie alebo ignorova\u0165 pokyny, ktor\u00e9 by ju mali zlikvidova\u0165.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdrazn\u00fd rozdiel vedci videli aj pri zdvojen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho gen\u00f3mu. Pri tomto procese si bunka vytvor\u00ed dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd po\u010det chromoz\u00f3mov. Nie je to drobn\u00e1 chyba v jednom g\u00e9ne, ale rozsiahla prestavba, ktor\u00e1 naraz zasiahne fungovanie ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva g\u00e9nov. V niektor\u00fdch genetick\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch my\u0161\u00ed sa objavovala ove\u013ea \u010dastej\u0161ie ne\u017e v in\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Genetika teda nevyd\u00e1va jednoduch\u00fd verdikt, \u010di rakovina vznikne alebo nie. Men\u00ed podmienky v bunke a t\u00fdm aj \u0161ancu, \u017ee sa konkr\u00e9tna mut\u00e1cia uchyt\u00ed, pre\u017eije a z\u00edska \u010fal\u0161ie v\u00fdhody.<\/p>\n

Po rovnakom po\u0161koden\u00ed DNA m\u00f4\u017ee jedna chybn\u00e1 bunka zanikn\u00fa\u0165 alebo zosta\u0165 pod kontrolou. V inom organizme sa m\u00f4\u017ee t\u00e1 ist\u00e1 bunka vyda\u0165 cestou, na ktorej za\u010dne r\u00e1s\u0165, meni\u0165 sa a postupne vytvor\u00ed n\u00e1dor.<\/p>\n

\u201eRakovina nevznik\u00e1 \u00faplne n\u00e1hodne. Hoci n\u00e1dory \u010dasto dosiahnu podobn\u00fd biologick\u00fd v\u00fdsledok, cesta k nemu z\u00e1vis\u00ed od genetick\u00e9ho pozadia jednotlivca,\u201c uviedol profesor Duncan Odom, jeden z ved\u00facich autorov v\u00fdskumu.<\/p>\n

\"dna\"dnaZdroj: Sangharsh Lohakare z Unsplash.com<\/a>
\nLek\u00e1rov nemus\u00ed zauj\u00edma\u0165 iba n\u00e1dor, ale aj pacientove g\u00e9ny<\/p>\n

Lek\u00e1ri dnes vyberaj\u00fa lie\u010dbu najm\u00e4 pod\u013ea typu n\u00e1doru, jeho mut\u00e1ci\u00ed a miesta, kde vznikol. Cambridgek\u00fd v\u00fdskum ukazuje, \u017ee \u010dasom m\u00f4\u017ee pribudn\u00fa\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ia d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia. Genetick\u00e1 v\u00fdbava pacienta.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 nielen riziko vzniku rakoviny, ale aj to, ak\u00e9 mut\u00e1cie sa v n\u00e1dore objavia a ako bude reagova\u0165 na lieky. T\u00fdka\u0165 sa to m\u00f4\u017ee aj terapi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 \u00famyselne po\u0161kodzuj\u00fa DNA rakovinov\u00fdch buniek. Dvaja pacienti s podobn\u00fdm n\u00e1dorom preto nemusia na rovnak\u00fa lie\u010dbu odpoveda\u0165 rovnako.<\/p>\n

Vroden\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 rozdiely by sa mohli premietnu\u0165 aj do prevent\u00edvnych prehliadok. \u010clovek s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm genetick\u00fdm rizikom ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1doru by mohol chodi\u0165 na kontroly sk\u00f4r alebo \u010dastej\u0161ie. K tomu v\u0161ak vedie e\u0161te dlh\u00e1 cesta.<\/p>\n

\u201eAk genetick\u00e9 pozadie ovplyv\u0148uje riziko rakoviny aj v\u00fdvoj n\u00e1dorov, prevencia a skr\u00edning bud\u00fa musie\u0165 viac zoh\u013ead\u0148ova\u0165 vroden\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 rozdiely medzi \u013eu\u010fmi,\u201c vysvetlila doktorka Sarah Aitkenov\u00e1, spoluautorka \u0161t\u00fadie.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky zatia\u013e poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 z experimentov na my\u0161iach. Vedci sk\u00famali rakovinu pe\u010dene vyvolan\u00fa l\u00e1tkou DEN, nie rakovinu p\u013e\u00fac u \u013eudsk\u00fdch faj\u010diarov. \u0160t\u00fadia preto nedok\u00e1\u017ee ur\u010di\u0165, pre\u010do konkr\u00e9tny \u010dlovek ochorie a in\u00fd nie.<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm krokom bude overi\u0165, do akej miery rovnak\u00e9 mechanizmy funguj\u00fa u \u013eud\u00ed a pri in\u00fdch typoch n\u00e1dorov. A\u017e potom sa uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u010di lek\u00e1ri raz bud\u00fa pri odhade rizika sledova\u0165 nielen to, \u010domu bol \u010dlovek po\u010das \u017eivota vystaven\u00fd, ale aj genetick\u00e9 podmienky, v ktor\u00fdch po\u0161koden\u00e1 bunka dostala \u0161ancu vyr\u00e1s\u0165.<\/p>\n


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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Dvaja \u013eudia m\u00f4\u017eu roky faj\u010di\u0165 rovnak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo cigariet. Jeden dostane rakovinu p\u013e\u00fac, druh\u00fd nie. Ochorenie sa pritom m\u00f4\u017ee…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":135943,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[32],"tags":[42524,1744,7862,20455,42525,34,37,4524,33,2131,1629,42526,42527,43,40,39,42,41,36,38,35,29091],"class_list":["post-135942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-spravy","tag-co-vedie-k-rozvoju-rakoviny","tag-dna","tag-fajcenie","tag-genetika","tag-genetika-a-rozvoj-rakoviny","tag-headlines","tag-hlavne-spravy","tag-liecba","tag-news","tag-pacienti","tag-rakovina","tag-riziko-rakoviny","tag-rizikove-faktory","tag-sk","tag-slovak","tag-slovakia","tag-slovencina","tag-slovensko","tag-spravy","tag-titulky","tag-top-stories","tag-uv-ziarenie"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@sk\/116999934886532199","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135942","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=135942"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135942\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/135943"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=135942"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=135942"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=135942"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}