SANTIAGO – Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd t\u00edm v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zabezpe\u010dil priamy molekul\u00e1rny d\u00f4kaz v\u00edrusu prav\u00fdch kiahn\u00ed (variola). Eur\u00f3pski dobyvatelia ochorenie zaniesli do Ameriky a ich epid\u00e9mia tam zabila mili\u00f3ny p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov. Vedci izolovali DNA z mumifikovan\u00fdch pozostatkov dvoch os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 zomreli v \u00favode \u0161panielskeho koloni\u00e1lneho obdobia v komunite Inkov v \u010cile. Upozornila na to vo \u0161tvrtok agent\u00fara Reuters.<\/p>\n
Prv\u00ed \u0160panieli dorazili do Ameriky v roku 1492. V\u00edrus prav\u00fdch kiahn\u00ed sa tam dovtedy nevyskytoval a preto p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo vo\u010di nemu nemalo prirodzen\u00fa imunitu. \u2060V\u00edrus sa za\u010dal preto r\u00fdchlo \u0161\u00edri\u0165 a vyhubil a\u017e 90 percent p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho obyvate\u013estva Ameriky. To \u0161panielskym conquistadorom u\u013eah\u010dilo doby\u0165 Azt\u00e9cku r\u00ed\u0161u v dne\u0161nom Mexiku, maysk\u00e9 mestsk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty v Strednej Amerike a Inksk\u00fa r\u00ed\u0161u od dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Ekv\u00e1doru a\u017e po \u010cile na juhu.<\/p>\n
\u201eNajstar\u0161\u00ed zdokumentovan\u00fd v\u00fdskyt kiahn\u00ed v Amerike evidujeme na ostrove Hispaniola v roku 1518, ke\u010f ho os\u00edd\u013eovali \u0160panieli,\u201c uviedol Bruno Romero Gonz\u00e1lez, genetik a doktorand na Trinity College v Dubline. Je z\u00e1rove\u0148 hlavn\u00fd autor \u0161t\u00fadie, ktor\u00e1 bola vo \u0161tvrtok uverejnen\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Science. Dvaja p\u00f4vodn\u00ed obyvatelia, ktor\u00fdch pozostatky obsahovali patog\u00e9n kiahn\u00ed, \u017eili v ju\u017en\u00fdch \u010dastiach Inkskej r\u00ed\u0161e, na tichomorskom pobre\u017e\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti z\u00e1toky Camarones v dne\u0161nom \u010cile. \u017dena zomrela vo veku 30 a\u017e 35 rokov, mu\u017e vo veku 18 a\u017e 20 rokov.<\/p>\n
Nov\u00e9 poznatky o evol\u00facii v\u00edrusu<\/p>\n
\u201eTieto osoby boli prirodzene mumifikovan\u00e9 a pochovan\u00e9 v zv\u00e4zkoch l\u00e1tky, zabalen\u00e9 do prikr\u00fdvok z vlny a spolu s nimi boli v hrobe n\u00e1jden\u00e9 r\u00f4zne pohrebn\u00e9 predmety,\u201c uviedla spoluautorka \u0161t\u00fadie a biologick\u00e1 antropologi\u010dka z \u010cilskej univerzity Constanza de la Fuente Castro. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci nedok\u00e1zali presne ur\u010di\u0165, kedy sa nakazili, ale pravdepodobne to bolo v polovici 16. storo\u010dia. \u0160panieli pod veden\u00edm Francisca Pizarra zvrhli inksk\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dcu v 30. rokoch 16. storo\u010dia. Vzorky z\u00edskan\u00e9 z tiel poskytli nov\u00fd poh\u013ead na evol\u00faciu v\u00edrusu prav\u00fdch kiahn\u00ed. Jeho gen\u00f3my boli takmer identick\u00e9, \u010do nazna\u010duje, \u017ee obe obete sa nakazili po\u010das tej istej epid\u00e9mie alebo t\u00fdm ist\u00fdm cirkuluj\u00facim kme\u0148om v\u00edrusu.<\/p>\n
Vedci zistili, \u017ee patog\u00e9n pre\u0161iel dlh\u00fdm obdob\u00edm genetickej evol\u00facie a\u017e do 16. storo\u010dia. Jeho evol\u00facia sa spomalila po\u010das ve\u013ek\u00fdch epid\u00e9mi\u00ed kiahn\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sprev\u00e1dzali \u0161panielsku koloniz\u00e1ciu, a op\u00e4\u0165 nabrala na sile a\u017e po zaveden\u00ed prvej vakc\u00edny v roku 1796. Pod\u013ea v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov to nazna\u010duje, \u017ee v\u00edrus v tom obdob\u00ed dosiahol evolu\u010dn\u00e9 optimum, ktor\u00e9 mu umo\u017e\u0148ovalo \u0161\u00edri\u0165 sa bez potreby \u010fal\u0161ej adapt\u00e1cie, ke\u010f\u017ee sa r\u00fdchlo \u0161\u00edril medzi obyvate\u013estvom bez imunity.<\/p>\n
Prav\u00e9 kiahne bolo v minulosti jedno z najsmrte\u013enej\u0161\u00edch v\u00edrusov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed a ich epid\u00e9mie sa vo vln\u00e1ch opakovane vracali. Podarilo sa ich vyhubi\u0165 a\u017e v\u010faka o\u010dkovaciemu programu Svetovej zdravotn\u00edckej organiz\u00e1cie (WHO) a posledn\u00fd pr\u00edpad zaznamenali v Som\u00e1lsku v roku 1977. WHO vyhl\u00e1sila eradik\u00e1ciu ochorenia 8. m\u00e1ja 1980. Dnes existuj\u00fa iba ulo\u017een\u00e9 vzorky v\u00edrusu vo vysoko zabezpe\u010den\u00fdch laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"SANTIAGO – Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd t\u00edm v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zabezpe\u010dil priamy molekul\u00e1rny d\u00f4kaz v\u00edrusu prav\u00fdch kiahn\u00ed (variola). Eur\u00f3pski dobyvatelia ochorenie zaniesli…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":143619,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[8],"tags":[27832,1744,44104,21065,33,43,40,42,36,50,49,48,1911],"class_list":["post-143618","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-svet","tag-cile","tag-dna","tag-kiahne","tag-mumia","tag-news","tag-sk","tag-slovak","tag-slovencina","tag-spravy","tag-svet","tag-world","tag-world-news","tag-zaujimavosti"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@sk\/117048902183093910","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143618","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=143618"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143618\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/143619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=143618"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=143618"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=143618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}