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\t\t\t\t\tFoto: gettyimages.com\/Maskot<\/p>\n
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Slovensko patr\u00ed medzi krajiny, ktor\u00e9 v najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch desa\u0165ro\u010diach zasiahne jeden z najprud\u0161\u00edch demografick\u00fdch zlomov v \u0161irokom medzin\u00e1rodnom spolo\u010denstve. Hoci dne\u0161n\u00fd d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m patr\u00ed pod\u013ea porovnania s ostatn\u00fdmi krajinami medzi pomerne \u0161tedr\u00e9, jeho bud\u00facnos\u0165 bude \u010doraz viac z\u00e1visie\u0165 od toho, ko\u013eko \u013eud\u00ed bude odv\u00e1dza\u0165 poistn\u00e9. D\u00e1ta Organiz\u00e1cie pre hospod\u00e1rsku spolupr\u00e1cu a rozvoj (OECD) nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve tu sa skr\u00fdva najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie riziko.<\/p>\n
Debaty o d\u00f4chodkoch sa \u010dasto s\u00fastre\u010fuj\u00fa na v\u00fd\u0161ku penzi\u00ed, trin\u00e1ste d\u00f4chodky \u010di valoriz\u00e1ciu. OECD v\u0161ak v ned\u00e1vnej \u0161irokej anal\u00fdze<\/a> penzijn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov vo svojich \u010dlensk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee ove\u013ea d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou ot\u00e1zkou bude v najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch desa\u0165ro\u010diach samotn\u00e1 demografia. Nie preto, \u017ee by d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m zlyh\u00e1val dnes, ale preto, \u017ee sa dramaticky men\u00ed pomer medzi \u013eu\u010fmi, ktor\u00ed penzie financuj\u00fa, a t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed ich poberaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n Mohlo by v\u00e1s zauj\u00edma\u0165:<\/p>\n Reklama<\/p>\n div { #onnetwork-banner > div:first-child { ]]><\/p>\n Priebe\u017en\u00fd d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, na ktorom stoj\u00ed aj slovensk\u00e9 d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 poistenie, funguje na jednoduchom princ\u00edpe. Zamestnan\u00ed odv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa poistn\u00e9 a z t\u00fdchto pe\u0148az\u00ed sa vypl\u00e1caj\u00fa s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00ed d\u00f4chodcovia<\/a>. Pokia\u013e po\u010det pracuj\u00facich rastie alebo zost\u00e1va stabiln\u00fd, syst\u00e9m dok\u00e1\u017ee fungova\u0165 relat\u00edvne bez probl\u00e9mov. Ak v\u0161ak za\u010dne pracuj\u00facich v\u00fdrazne ub\u00fada\u0165 a d\u00f4chodcov naopak prib\u00fada\u0165, tlak na verejn\u00e9 financie sa postupne zvy\u0161uje. OECD upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve tento scen\u00e1r \u010dak\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fa \u010das\u0165 vyspel\u00e9ho sveta a Slovensko bude patri\u0165 medzi krajiny, kde sa prejav\u00ed mimoriadne v\u00fdrazne.<\/p>\n Slovensko \u010dak\u00e1 jeden z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch \u00fabytkov pracovnej sily<\/p>\n Najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edm varovan\u00edm je progn\u00f3za v\u00fdvoja popul\u00e1cie v produkt\u00edvnom veku. OECD<\/a> uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee po\u010det \u013eud\u00ed vo veku od 20 do 64 rokov sa m\u00e1 na Slovensku po\u010das nasleduj\u00facich \u0161tyroch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 o viac ako 30 percent. Rovnak\u00fd alebo e\u0161te hor\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj predpoklad\u00e1 iba pri nieko\u013ek\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch, medzi ktor\u00e9 patria napr\u00edklad Japonsko, Gr\u00e9cko \u010di \u0160panielsko.<\/p>\n Tak\u00fdto pokles pritom neznamen\u00e1 iba menej zamestnancov na trhu pr\u00e1ce. Znamen\u00e1 aj menej \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed bud\u00fa plati\u0165 odvody do Soci\u00e1lnej pois\u0165ovne<\/a>. Ak sa nezmen\u00ed produktivita pr\u00e1ce, zamestnanos\u0165 alebo nastavenie d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie desa\u0165ro\u010die bude financovanie penzi\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n OECD z\u00e1rove\u0148 pripom\u00edna, \u017ee n\u00edzka p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 predstavuje dlhodob\u00fd probl\u00e9m prakticky vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch vyspel\u00fdch ekonomik\u00e1ch. Organiz\u00e1cia upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee popula\u010dn\u00e9 progn\u00f3zy v minulosti opakovane predpokladali skor\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1vrat vy\u0161\u0161ej p\u00f4rodnosti<\/a>, ktor\u00fd sa napokon nenaplnil. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee starnutie popul\u00e1cie bolo v skuto\u010dnosti e\u0161te r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, ne\u017e sa p\u00f4vodne o\u010dak\u00e1valo.<\/p>\n R\u00fdchlos\u0165 starnutia patr\u00ed medzi najvy\u0161\u0161ie v OECD<\/p>\n Samotn\u00fd pokles po\u010dtu pracuj\u00facich v\u0161ak predstavuje iba polovicu probl\u00e9mu. Druhou stranou rovnice je prudk\u00fd rast po\u010dtu seniorov. OECD pou\u017e\u00edva ukazovate\u013e, ktor\u00fd porovn\u00e1va po\u010det obyvate\u013eov vo veku 65 rokov a viac so skupinou \u013eud\u00ed v produkt\u00edvnom veku od 20 do 64 rokov. Pr\u00e1ve tento pomer najlep\u0161ie vystihuje tlak na priebe\u017ene financovan\u00e9 d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n \tMysl\u00edte si, \u017ee dne\u0161n\u00fd d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m zvl\u00e1dne starnutie slovenskej popul\u00e1cie bez \u010fal\u0161\u00edch reforiem?<\/p>\n V pr\u00edpade Slovenska s\u00fa progn\u00f3zy mimoriadne v\u00fdrazn\u00e9. K\u00fdm dnes pripad\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 30,6 seniora na ka\u017ed\u00fdch sto \u013eud\u00ed v produkt\u00edvnom veku, okolo polovice storo\u010dia sa tento pomer zv\u00fd\u0161i na pribli\u017ene 62,8. In\u00fdmi slovami, po\u010det seniorov vo vz\u0165ahu k ekonomicky akt\u00edvnej popul\u00e1cii sa prakticky zdvojn\u00e1sob\u00ed. OECD z\u00e1rove\u0148 upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee ide o jeden z najprud\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1rastov spomedzi v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov organiz\u00e1cie. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed rast o\u010dak\u00e1va u\u017e len pri nieko\u013ek\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch, ako s\u00fa Ju\u017en\u00e1 K\u00f3rea, Taliansko \u010di \u0160panielsko.<\/p>\n Tak\u00fdto v\u00fdvoj neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m automaticky skolabuje. Znamen\u00e1 v\u0161ak, \u017ee pri nezmenen\u00fdch pravidl\u00e1ch bude musie\u0165 st\u00e1le men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det pracuj\u00facich financova\u0165 rast\u00faci po\u010det poberate\u013eov d\u00f4chodkov. Ak by sa syst\u00e9m neprisp\u00f4soboval, tlak na verejn\u00e9 financie<\/a> by sa rokmi zvy\u0161oval.<\/p>\n Dne\u0161n\u00e1 \u0161tedros\u0165 e\u0161te ni\u010d negarantuje<\/p>\n Jedn\u00fdm z paradoxov celej situ\u00e1cie je, \u017ee Slovensko dnes pod\u013ea OECD patr\u00ed medzi krajiny, ktor\u00e9 pon\u00fakaj\u00fa bud\u00facim d\u00f4chodcom pomerne vysok\u00fa mieru n\u00e1hrady pr\u00edjmu. Organiz\u00e1cia dokonca upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee Slovensk\u00e1 republika patr\u00ed medzi \u0161t\u00e1ty, ktor\u00e9 v posledn\u00fdch rokoch povinn\u00e9 d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 d\u00e1vky e\u0161te zv\u00fd\u0161ili. Z poh\u013eadu dne\u0161n\u00fdch pracuj\u00facich teda syst\u00e9m na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead nep\u00f4sob\u00ed ako nedostato\u010dne \u0161tedr\u00fd.<\/p>\n Pr\u00e1ve preto OECD venuje ve\u013ek\u00fa \u010das\u0165 svojej anal\u00fdzy pr\u00e1ve ot\u00e1zke finan\u010dnej udr\u017eate\u013enosti. Zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee n\u00edzka p\u00f4rodnos\u0165 predstavuje z\u00e1sadn\u00fa v\u00fdzvu pre priebe\u017en\u00e9 d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/a>. Pokia\u013e ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u010fal\u0161ia gener\u00e1cia vstupuj\u00faca na trh pr\u00e1ce bude po\u010detne slab\u0161ia ne\u017e t\u00e1 predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faca, bude \u010doraz n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie udr\u017ea\u0165 rovnak\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 d\u00f4chodkov bez \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zmien syst\u00e9mu. Organiz\u00e1cia pritom pripom\u00edna, \u017ee parametre, ako s\u00fa d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd vek, v\u00fd\u0161ka d\u00f4chodkov alebo sadzby odvodov, sa bud\u00fa musie\u0165 pravidelne prisp\u00f4sobova\u0165 demografick\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoju.<\/p>\n Spr\u00e1va z\u00e1rove\u0148 upozor\u0148uje na jeden d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd fakt. Demografick\u00e9 progn\u00f3zy boli v minulosti opakovane pr\u00edli\u0161 optimistick\u00e9. Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 projekcie dlh\u00e9 roky predpokladali, \u017ee p\u00f4rodnos\u0165<\/a> sa za\u010dne op\u00e4\u0165 zvy\u0161ova\u0165, no tento obrat nenastal. V d\u00f4sledku toho sa tempo starnutia popul\u00e1cie uk\u00e1zalo by\u0165 e\u0161te r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, ne\u017e predpokladali skor\u0161ie odhady. OECD preto odpor\u00fa\u010da pripravova\u0165 d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my sk\u00f4r na scen\u00e1r dlhodobo n\u00edzkej p\u00f4rodnosti ne\u017e na optimistick\u00e9 o\u010dak\u00e1vania.<\/p>\n Demografick\u00e1 kr\u00edza v\u00fdrazne oddiali aj n\u00e1\u0161 d\u00f4chodok<\/p>\n Nie je to pritom tak, \u017ee by Slovensko v tejto oblasti nerobilo ni\u010d. OECD pripom\u00edna napr\u00edklad ned\u00e1vne prepojenie podmienok na odchod do pred\u010dasn\u00e9ho starobn\u00e9ho d\u00f4chodku so strednou d\u013a\u017ekou \u017eivota. Cie\u013eom tak\u00fdchto mechanizmov je zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby sa syst\u00e9m dok\u00e1zal automaticky prisp\u00f4sobova\u0165 tomu, ako dlho bud\u00fa \u013eudia v priemere pobera\u0165 d\u00f4chodok. Je to v\u0161ak zatia\u013e len slab\u00e1 n\u00e1plas\u0165 na demografick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1s \u010dakaj\u00fa a tie\u017e treba pripomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee tento krok pri\u0161iel po predo\u0161lom uvo\u013enen\u00ed pravidiel odchodu do pred\u010dasn\u00e9ho d\u00f4chodku.<\/p>\n Faktom v\u0161ak je aj to, \u017ee Slovensku u\u017e dnes patr\u00ed medzi krajiny, v ktor\u00fdch je z\u00e1konn\u00fd d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd vek naviazan\u00fd na \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj strednej d\u013a\u017eky \u017eivota. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee s predl\u017eovan\u00edm \u017eivota sa bude postupne pos\u00fava\u0165 aj vek odchodu do d\u00f4chodku. Organiz\u00e1cia z\u00e1rove\u0148 upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve krajiny s t\u00fdmto mechanizmom bud\u00fa v nasleduj\u00facich desa\u0165ro\u010diach zaznamen\u00e1va\u0165 cite\u013en\u00fd rast z\u00e1konn\u00e9ho d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9ho veku<\/a>, ke\u010f\u017ee reaguj\u00fa na o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9 predl\u017eovanie \u017eivota. <\/p>\n Na Slovensku \u2013 aj pre spom\u00ednan\u00e9 demografick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1s \u010dakaj\u00fa \u2013 bude tento efekt jeden z najvypuklej\u0161\u00edch. Anal\u00fdza OECD toti\u017e predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee pri s\u00fa\u010dasnom nastaven\u00ed by 22-ro\u010dn\u00fd \u010dlovek pri vstupe na pracovn\u00fd trh v roku 2024 dosiahol d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd vek a\u017e v 69 rokoch. Oproti s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm d\u00f4chodcom by tak i\u0161iel do penzie a\u017e o takmer 6 rokov nesk\u00f4r.<\/p>\n \u010cas hr\u00e1 proti d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu<\/p>\n OECD pritom dlhodobo podporuje vyu\u017e\u00edvanie automatick\u00fdch mechanizmov pri d\u00f4chodkov\u00fdch reform\u00e1ch. Pod\u013ea organiz\u00e1cie toti\u017e pr\u00e1ve automatick\u00e9 \u00fapravy pom\u00e1haj\u00fa zni\u017eova\u0165 riziko, \u017ee politick\u00e9 rozhodnutia bud\u00fa zaost\u00e1va\u0165 za demografickou realitou. Ak sa popul\u00e1cia do\u017e\u00edva vy\u0161\u0161ieho veku alebo sa men\u00ed po\u010det prispievate\u013eov do syst\u00e9mu, d\u00f4chodkov\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 by mali na tieto zmeny reagova\u0165 priebe\u017ene a nie a\u017e v \u010dase, ke\u010f sa financovanie syst\u00e9mu dostane pod v\u00fdrazn\u00fd tlak.<\/p>\n Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm posolstvom spr\u00e1vy OECD preto nie je tvrdenie, \u017ee slovensk\u00fd d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u010dak\u00e1 bezprostredn\u00e1 kr\u00edza. Organiz\u00e1cia sk\u00f4r upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee rozhoduj\u00face desa\u0165ro\u010dia s\u00fa e\u0161te len pred nami. Demografick\u00e9 trendy<\/a> s\u00fa toti\u017e mimoriadne predv\u00eddate\u013en\u00e9 \u2013 deti, ktor\u00e9 sa nenarodili dnes, bud\u00fa na trhu pr\u00e1ce ch\u00fdba\u0165 o dvadsa\u0165 rokov bez oh\u013eadu na to, ak\u00e1 vl\u00e1da bude v tom \u010dase pri moci.<\/p>\n Ak sa progn\u00f3zy OECD naplnia, Slovensko sa po\u010das najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u0161tyroch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed zarad\u00ed medzi najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie starn\u00face krajiny sveta. To e\u0161te automaticky neznamen\u00e1 ni\u017e\u0161ie d\u00f4chodky<\/a>. Znamen\u00e1 to v\u0161ak, \u017ee udr\u017eanie dne\u0161nej \u00farovne d\u00f4chodkov bude vy\u017eadova\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161iu produktivitu ekonomiky, vy\u0161\u0161iu zamestnanos\u0165, dostatok prispievate\u013eov do syst\u00e9mu alebo \u010fal\u0161ie reformy.<\/p>\n Viac o t\u00e9me: demografia<\/a>, d\u00f4chodkov\u00e1 reforma<\/a>, d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/a>, d\u00f4chodky<\/a>, d\u00f4chodok<\/a>, OECD<\/a>, Organiz\u00e1cia pre hospod\u00e1rsku spolupr\u00e1cu a rozvoj OECD<\/a>, pracovn\u00e1 sila<\/a>, produkt\u00edvny vek<\/a>, Soci\u00e1lna pois\u0165ov\u0148a<\/a>, starnutie popul\u00e1cie<\/a>, verejn\u00e9 financie<\/a><\/p>\n \t\tKoment\u00e1re k \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/p>\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t DS<\/p>\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPred 2 hodinami\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 starne vtedy, ke\u010f sa rod\u00ed m\u00e1lo det\u00ed. A samozrejme, \u017ee to bude ma\u0165 vplyv na d\u00f4chodky. A hlavne na d\u00f4chodky t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed by mali zabezpe\u010di\u0165 aby sa rodilo viac det\u00ed namiesto toho, \u017ee by najrad\u0161ej teraj\u0161\u00edm d\u00f4cho…<\/p>\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 141tieznazor<\/p>\n \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPred 3 hodinami\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n India<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Foto: gettyimages.com\/Maskot Slovensko patr\u00ed medzi krajiny, ktor\u00e9 v najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch desa\u0165ro\u010diach zasiahne jeden z najprud\u0161\u00edch demografick\u00fdch zlomov v \u0161irokom…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":155352,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[6],"tags":[7519,45928,31862,695,2951,30074,32423,11270,45929,43,40,44,39,42,45,41,696,14249,1503],"class_list":["post-155351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-slovensko","tag-demografia","tag-dochodkova-reforma","tag-dochodkovy-system","tag-dochodky","tag-dochodok","tag-oecd","tag-organizacia-pre-hospodarsku-spolupracu-a-rozvoj-oecd","tag-pracovna-sila","tag-produktivny-vek","tag-sk","tag-slovak","tag-slovak-republic","tag-slovakia","tag-slovencina","tag-slovenska-republika","tag-slovensko","tag-socialna-poistovna","tag-starnutie-populacie","tag-verejne-financie"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@sk\/117121088700407016","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/155351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=155351"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/155351\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/155352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=155351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=155351"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=155351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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