Dnes pova\u017eujeme 1. janu\u00e1r za za\u010diatok nov\u00e9ho roka. Oslavy, predsavzatia aj symbolick\u00e9 \u201enov\u00e9 za\u010diatky\u201c sa via\u017eu pr\u00e1ve k tomuto d\u00e1tumu. No ak by sme sa vr\u00e1tili o tis\u00edce rokov sp\u00e4\u0165, zistili by sme prekvapiv\u00fa vec \u2013 pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu civiliz\u00e1ci\u00ed bol skuto\u010dn\u00fdm za\u010diatkom roka pr\u00e1ve pr\u00edchod jari. Nebolo to\u00a0n\u00e1hodou. Jar toti\u017e predstavovala nov\u00fd \u017eivot, svetlo, \u00farodu a n\u00e1dej. A pr\u00e1ve tieto hodnoty boli pre na\u0161ich predkov ove\u013ea d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie ne\u017e presn\u00fd d\u00e1tum v kalend\u00e1ri.<\/p>\n
Rok sa za\u010dal, ke\u010f sa preb\u00fadzala pr\u00edroda<\/p>\n
Pre starovek\u00e9 civiliz\u00e1cie nebol \u010das abstraktn\u00fdm pojmom, ale nie\u010d\u00edm, \u010do priamo s\u00faviselo s pr\u00edrodou. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm momentom bola jarn\u00e1 rovnodennos\u0165, teda de\u0148, ke\u010f sa noc a de\u0148 vyrovnaj\u00fa a svetlo za\u010d\u00edna v\u00ed\u0165azi\u0165 nad tmou. Pr\u00e1ve tento moment symbolizoval za\u010diatok nov\u00e9ho cyklu. Po dlhej zime prich\u00e1dzalo obdobie sejby, rastu a \u017eivota. Preto d\u00e1valo zmysel za\u010da\u0165 rok pr\u00e1ve vtedy, teda, ke\u010f sa \u201eza\u010d\u00ednal\u201c aj samotn\u00fd svet okolo.<\/p>\n
Starovek\u00fd R\u00edm: Marec ako prv\u00fd mesiac<\/p>\n
Jedn\u00fdm z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edkladov je starovek\u00fd R\u00edm. P\u00f4vodne sa r\u00edmsky kalend\u00e1r za\u010d\u00ednal v marci, \u010do dodnes pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa n\u00e1zvy mesiacov ako september (siedmy), okt\u00f3ber (\u00f4smy), november (deviaty) a december (desiaty). A\u017e nesk\u00f4r, po\u010das vl\u00e1dy J\u00faliusa Caesara, do\u0161lo k reforme kalend\u00e1ra a za\u010diatok roka sa presunul na 1. janu\u00e1r. Tento d\u00e1tum bol spojen\u00fd s administrat\u00edvou a n\u00e1stupom \u00faradn\u00edkov do funkcie, nie s pr\u00edrodn\u00fdm cyklom.<\/p>\n
Mezopot\u00e1mia a prv\u00e9 oslavy Nov\u00e9ho roka<\/p>\n
Jedny z najstar\u0161\u00edch osl\u00e1v Nov\u00e9ho roka poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zo starovekej Mezopot\u00e1mie. Festival zn\u00e1my ako Akitu sa konal pr\u00e1ve na jar a trval nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed. Ne\u0161lo len o oslavu, ale aj o duchovn\u00fd a spolo\u010densk\u00fd ritu\u00e1l. \u013dudia verili, \u017ee po\u010das tohto obdobia sa obnovuje poriadok sveta a bohovia rozhoduj\u00fa o osude nasleduj\u00faceho roka.<\/p>\n
Perzsk\u00fd Nov\u00fd rok, ktor\u00fd pre\u017eil tis\u00edcro\u010dia<\/p>\n
Jednou z trad\u00edci\u00ed, ktor\u00e1 sa zachovala dodnes, je Nowruz. Tento sviatok sa oslavuje presne v de\u0148 jarnej rovnodennosti a m\u00e1 viac ne\u017e 3 000 rokov. Nowruz symbolizuje nov\u00fd za\u010diatok, o\u010distu a rovnov\u00e1hu. \u013dudia upratuj\u00fa svoje domovy, stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa s rodinou a pripravuj\u00fa tradi\u010dn\u00e9 jedl\u00e1. Je to d\u00f4kaz, \u017ee my\u0161lienka jarn\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho roka pretrvala a\u017e do modern\u00fdch \u010dias.<\/p>\n
Pre\u010do dnes za\u010d\u00edname rok v janu\u00e1ri?<\/p>\n
Presun za\u010diatku roka na 1. janu\u00e1r nebol n\u00e1hodn\u00fd. Po reform\u00e1ch Juliusa Caesara a nesk\u00f4r po zaveden\u00ed gregori\u00e1nskeho kalend\u00e1ra sa tento d\u00e1tum stal ofici\u00e1lnym v Eur\u00f3pe. Napriek tomu e\u0161te dlho existovali rozdiely \u2013 niektor\u00e9 krajiny za\u010d\u00ednali rok na jar a\u017e do stredoveku. Postupne sa v\u0161ak jednotn\u00fd syst\u00e9m presadil, najm\u00e4 z praktick\u00fdch a administrat\u00edvnych d\u00f4vodov.<\/p>\n
Jar d\u00e1vala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed zmysel<\/p>\n
Pre na\u0161ich predkov bola jar obdob\u00edm, ke\u010f sa v\u0161etko za\u010d\u00ednalo nanovo \u2013 pr\u00edroda, pr\u00e1ca aj \u017eivot. Zima bola \u010dasom \u00fatlmu, zatia\u013e \u010do jar prin\u00e1\u0161ala energiu a n\u00e1dej. Aj z psychologick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska d\u00e1va jarn\u00fd za\u010diatok roka zmysel. Dni sa predl\u017euj\u00fa, prib\u00fada svetlo a \u013eudia maj\u00fa prirodzene viac motiv\u00e1cie a chuti do zmien ne\u017e uprostred zimy.<\/p>\n
Hoci dnes oslavujeme Nov\u00fd rok uprostred zimy, hist\u00f3ria n\u00e1m ukazuje, \u017ee prirodzenej\u0161\u00ed za\u010diatok roka bol kedysi \u00faplne inde \u2013 v obdob\u00ed, ke\u010f sa svet preb\u00fadza k \u017eivotu. Mo\u017eno pr\u00e1ve preto si mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia d\u00e1vaj\u00fa nov\u00e9 predsavzatia a\u017e na jar, ke\u010f c\u00edtia viac energie a chuti za\u010da\u0165 odznova. A hoci kalend\u00e1r sa u\u017e pravdepodobne nezmen\u00ed, my\u0161lienka \u201enov\u00e9ho za\u010diatku\u201c na jar v n\u00e1s zost\u00e1va dodnes \u2013 len si ju nie v\u017edy uvedomujeme.
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