{"id":38673,"date":"2026-04-07T19:20:08","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T19:20:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/38673\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T19:20:08","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T19:20:08","slug":"rimania-mozno-na-pompeje-nasadili-anticky-gulomet-hradby-dodnes-nesu-stopy-po-rychlopalnej-zbrani-vosveteit-sk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/38673\/","title":{"rendered":"Rimania mo\u017eno na Pompeje nasadili \u201eantick\u00fd gu\u013eomet\u201c. Hradby dodnes nes\u00fa stopy po r\u00fdchlopalnej zbrani | Vosveteit.sk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mesto Pompeje<\/a> si v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed sp\u00e1ja s v\u00fdbuchom sopky Vezuv v roku 79. Len\u017ee e\u0161te pred touto katastrofou za\u017eilo in\u00fa, vojensk\u00fa. A pr\u00e1ve t\u00e1 dnes odha\u013euje nie\u010do, \u010do p\u00f4sob\u00ed a\u017e prekvapivo moderne. Archeol\u00f3govia toti\u017e na\u0161li stopy po zbrani, ktor\u00e1 fungovala ako starovek\u00fd \u201egu\u013eomet\u201c.<\/p>\n

V roku 89 pred n. l. dorazila k mestu r\u00edmska arm\u00e1da pod veden\u00edm gener\u00e1la menom Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Obliehanie Pompej\u00ed patrilo do konfliktu zn\u00e1meho ako Soci\u00e1lna vojna. Sulla zameral \u00fatok na severn\u00e9 hradby mesta. R\u00edmske jednotky spustili intenz\u00edvnu pa\u013ebu a postupne don\u00fatili obrancov kapitulova\u0165.<\/p>\n

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Odoberaj Vosveteit.sk cez Telegram a prihl\u00e1s sa k odberu spr\u00e1v
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Na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead i\u0161lo o klasick\u00e9 obliehanie. Steny mesta v\u0161ak dodnes nes\u00fa detaily, ktor\u00e9 prezr\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ove\u013ea viac.<\/p>\n

Na hradb\u00e1ch sa zachovali po\u0161kodenia po balist\u00e1ch, ve\u013ek\u00fdch strojoch, ktor\u00e9 vystre\u013eovali kamene. Tie zanechali typick\u00e9 kruhov\u00e9 jamy. Vedci si v\u0161ak v\u0161imli aj in\u00fd typ po\u0161kodenia. Mal\u00e9 \u0161tvorcov\u00e9 a kruhov\u00e9 diery, zoraden\u00e9 tesne ved\u013ea seba, \u010dasto v tvare vej\u00e1ra. Ide o vzor, ktor\u00fd nezodpovedal klasick\u00fdm zbraniam, p\u00ed\u0161u autori vo svojej \u0161t\u00fadii.<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Pompeje\"PompejeZdroj: Rossi et. al. (2026)<\/a>
\nStopy m\u00f4\u017eu patri\u0165 zbrani polybolos, prv\u00e9mu antick\u00e9mu gu\u013eometu<\/p>\n

Stopy priviedli vedcov k zbrani menom polybolos. Tento stroj navrhol u\u017e v 3. storo\u010d\u00ed pred n. l. gr\u00e9cky in\u017einier Dion\u00fdz z Alexandrie. Na rozdiel od be\u017en\u00fdch katapultov vyu\u017e\u00edval komplexn\u00fd mechanizmus. Z\u00e1klad tvorili dve ploch\u00e9 re\u0165aze spojen\u00e9 ozuben\u00fdmi kolesami. Ot\u00e1\u010dan\u00edm k\u013euky sa re\u0165aze pohybovali dopredu a dozadu. Tento pohyb natiahol tetivu, posunul nov\u00fd \u0161\u00edp zo z\u00e1sobn\u00edka a okam\u017eite ho vystrelil. Cel\u00fd cyklus prebehol automaticky, bez potreby ru\u010dn\u00e9ho nab\u00edjania po ka\u017edom v\u00fdstrele.<\/p>\n

Neprehliadni
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\"Tvoje\"Tvoje <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tPopul\u00e1rna spravodajsk\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia pre iOS a Android dostala ve\u013ek\u00fa aktualiz\u00e1ciu. Pribudlo mno\u017estvo nov\u00fdch funkci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00ed\u0161 vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201eI\u0161lo o opakuj\u00faci sa katapult,\u201c opisoval zariadenie starovek\u00fd autor Fil\u00f3n z Byzancie.<\/p>\n

Klasick\u00e1 balista vystrelila jeden ve\u013ek\u00fd projektil a potom potrebovala \u010das na nabitie. Polybolos fungoval inak. Dok\u00e1zal vystreli\u0165 \u0161\u00edp ka\u017ed\u00fdch p\u00e1r sek\u00fand. S\u00edce nemal tak\u00fa ni\u010div\u00fa silu ako kamenn\u00e9 balvany, no jeho v\u00fdhodou bola hustota pa\u013eby. Pr\u00e1ve to vysvet\u013euje \u201evej\u00e1rovit\u00e9\u201c z\u00e1sahy na hradb\u00e1ch Pompej\u00ed. Strely dopadali r\u00fdchlo za sebou na mal\u00e9 \u00fazemie.<\/p>\n

Tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup sa hodil najm\u00e4 na elimin\u00e1ciu obrancov na hradb\u00e1ch, nie na ni\u010denie samotn\u00fdch m\u00farov.<\/p>\n

Polybolos poznali vedci dlh\u00e9 roky len z historick\u00fdch textov. Fyzick\u00fd d\u00f4kaz jeho pou\u017eitia ch\u00fdbal. T\u00edm z Univerzity v Kamp\u00e1nii analyzoval po\u0161kodenia pomocou laserov\u00e9ho<\/a> skenovania a 3D modelovania. Zistil, \u017ee z\u00e1sahy mali mal\u00fa h\u013abku a zodpovedali kovov\u00fdm hrotom, nie kame\u0148om.<\/p>\n

\u201ePravideln\u00e9 rozostupy a skupinov\u00fd vzor nazna\u010duj\u00fa pou\u017eitie opakovacej zbrane,\u201c uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v\u00fdskumn\u00edci.<\/p>\n

To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nejde o n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie, ale o systematick\u00fa r\u00fdchlu pa\u013ebu.<\/p>\n

Polybolos vyvolal teror v srdciach nepriate\u013eov<\/p>\n

Polybolos nepriniesol len technick\u00fa v\u00fdhodu, ale aj psychologick\u00fa. Obranca bol zvyknut\u00fd, \u017ee po v\u00fdstrele z katapultu mal \u010das na reakciu. Pri tejto zbrani v\u0161ak prich\u00e1dzali strely v kr\u00e1tkych intervaloch. Namiesto jednotliv\u00fdch z\u00e1sahov \u010delil neust\u00e1lemu tlaku. Pr\u00e1ve tento efekt pripom\u00edna modern\u00e9 automatick\u00e9 zbrane.<\/p>\n

Znie to ako revolu\u010dn\u00e1 zbra\u0148, no polybolos sa v hist\u00f3rii<\/a> nepresadil na dlh\u00e9 obdobie. D\u00f4vod bol praktick\u00fd. Mechanizmus bol zlo\u017eit\u00fd a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd na \u00fadr\u017ebu. Re\u0165aze a ozuben\u00e9 koles\u00e1 sa opotrebovali a vy\u017eadovali presn\u00fa v\u00fdrobu.<\/p>\n

Po \u00fapadku r\u00edmskej moci a in\u017einierskych \u0161k\u00f4l sa tak\u00e1to technol\u00f3gia udr\u017eiavala \u0165a\u017eko. Jednoduch\u0161ie zbrane ako ku\u0161e alebo klasick\u00e9 katapulty boli spo\u013eahlivej\u0161ie a \u013eah\u0161ie opravite\u013en\u00e9. Technol\u00f3gia tak predbehla mo\u017enosti svojej doby.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd poh\u013ead na starovek\u00e9 vojny<\/p>\n

Ak sa tieto zistenia potvrdia a na Pompeje skuto\u010dne strie\u013eal jeden z prv\u00fdch \u201egu\u013eometov\u201c, zmen\u00ed sa poh\u013ead na v\u00fdvoj zbran\u00ed<\/a> a ich pou\u017eitie vo vojne. Uk\u00e1\u017ee sa, \u017ee princ\u00edp r\u00fdchlopalnej mechanickej zbrane existoval u\u017e v staroveku. Rimania pravdepodobne prevzali gr\u00e9cke inov\u00e1cie a vyu\u017eili ich v re\u00e1lnom boji. Pompeje tak nepon\u00fakaj\u00fa len pr\u00edbeh o zni\u010denom meste, ale aj o technol\u00f3gii, ktor\u00e1 nazna\u010dila smer, ak\u00fdm sa vojny vydali o tis\u00edce rokov nesk\u00f4r.<\/p>\n

Nie v\u0161etky detaily s\u00fa zatia\u013e \u00faplne uzavret\u00e9. Stopy v kameni v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee aj starovek\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy dok\u00e1zali pracova\u0165 s n\u00e1padmi, ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4sobia prekvapivo moderne.<\/p>\n


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