{"id":42154,"date":"2026-04-12T02:34:08","date_gmt":"2026-04-12T02:34:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/42154\/"},"modified":"2026-04-12T02:34:08","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T02:34:08","slug":"vedci-prvykrat-zachytili-obciansku-vojnu-u-simpanzov-dve-frakcie-proti-sebe-roky-viedli-smrtelny-konflikt-vosveteit-sk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/42154\/","title":{"rendered":"Vedci prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zachytili \u201eob\u010diansku vojnu\u201c u \u0161impanzov. Dve frakcie proti sebe roky viedli smrte\u013en\u00fd konflikt | Vosveteit.sk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vedci po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zdokumentovali jasn\u00fd pr\u00edpad \u201eob\u010dianskej vojny\u201c u \u0161impanzov. V jednej z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1mych komun\u00edt druhu Pan troglodytes sa skupina rozpadla na dve nepriate\u013esk\u00e9 frakcie, ktor\u00e9 proti sebe viedli dlhodob\u00fd a smrte\u013en\u00fd konflikt.<\/p>\n

Cel\u00fd pr\u00edbeh sa odohral v Kibale National Park<\/a>, kde vedci sledovali \u0161impanzy<\/a> viac ne\u017e 30 rokov. Na za\u010diatku i\u0161lo o jednu s\u00fadr\u017en\u00fa komunitu. Jedince spolu jedli, \u010distili si srs\u0165, chr\u00e1nili \u00fazemie a fungovali ako jeden celok. Postupne v\u0161ak pri\u0161iel zlom, ktor\u00fd nikto ne\u010dakal. Na t\u00e9mu upozornil server sciencealert.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Odoberaj Vosveteit.sk cez Telegram a prihl\u00e1s sa k odberu spr\u00e1v
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Zhruba v roku 2015 si v\u00fdskumn\u00edci v\u0161imli prv\u00e9 n\u00e1znaky zmeny. Kr\u00e1tko po v\u00fdmene alfa samca sa komunita za\u010dala deli\u0165 na dva t\u00e1bory, z\u00e1padn\u00fd a centr\u00e1lny. Ne\u0161lo o n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 rozdelenie. \u0160impanzy si za\u010dali vybera\u0165 partnerov len v r\u00e1mci vlastnej skupiny a kontakt s \u201edruhou stranou\u201c sa postupne vytratil.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00edkom trvalo, ne\u017e si v\u0161imli, \u017ee ob\u010dianska vojna v\u00f4bec vznikla<\/p>\n

Prv\u00fd jasn\u00fd moment, ke\u010f sa nie\u010do pokazilo, nastal 24. j\u00fana 2015. Dve skupiny sa stretli v strede \u00fazemia, kde by sa za norm\u00e1lnych okolnost\u00ed op\u00e4\u0165 spojili. Namiesto toho pri\u0161la reakcia, ktor\u00fa vtedy v\u00f4bec ne\u010dakali.<\/p>\n

Neprehliadni
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\"Tvoje\"Tvoje <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tPopul\u00e1rna spravodajsk\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia pre iOS a Android dostala ve\u013ek\u00fa aktualiz\u00e1ciu. Pribudlo mno\u017estvo nov\u00fdch funkci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00ed\u0161 vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 <\/p>\n

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\u201eNamiesto op\u00e4tovn\u00e9ho spojenia z\u00e1padn\u00e9 \u0161impanzy utiekli a centr\u00e1lne ich za\u010dali prenasledova\u0165. Nasledovalo \u0161es\u0165 t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov vyh\u00fdbania sa, \u010do sme dovtedy nikdy nepozorovali,\u201c uviedol v\u00fdskumn\u00fd t\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Z miesta, ktor\u00e9 kedysi tvorilo spolo\u010dn\u00e9 centrum, sa postupne stala hranica. Samce z oboch str\u00e1n ju za\u010dali pravidelne patrolova\u0165. Nap\u00e4tie r\u00e1stlo a v roku 2017 prer\u00e1stlo do otvoren\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia. Vedci poukazuj\u00fa aj na to, \u017ee men\u0161ia z\u00e1padn\u00e1 skupina iniciovala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu \u00fatokov<\/a>. Dok\u00e1zala dokonca v\u00e1\u017ene zrani\u0165 alfa samca v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej centr\u00e1lnej skupiny. Konflikt t\u00fdm neskon\u010dil, sk\u00f4r sa preh\u013abil e\u0161te viac.<\/p>\n

Do roku 2018 sa rozdelenie stalo trval\u00fdm. Skupiny sa oddelili nielen soci\u00e1lne, ale aj priestorovo a reproduk\u010dne. Samice a ml\u00e1\u010fat\u00e1 sa u\u017e nestret\u00e1vali ani pri zdrojoch potravy, napr\u00edklad pri figovn\u00edkoch, kde sa predt\u00fdm be\u017ene zhroma\u017e\u010fovali. N\u00e1silie sa \u010dasom vystup\u0148ovalo do extr\u00e9mov. V roku 2021 vedci priamo zaznamenali \u00fatoky na ml\u00e1\u010fat\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1padn\u00e1 skupina ukradla a zabila 14 ml\u00e1\u010fat z centr\u00e1lneho t\u00e1bora. Tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie patr\u00ed medzi najbrut\u00e1lnej\u0161ie prejavy agresie u \u0161impanzov. V obdob\u00ed rokov 2018 a\u017e 2024 z\u00e1padn\u00e9 \u0161impanzy zabili v priemere jedn\u00e9ho dospel\u00e9ho samca a dve ml\u00e1\u010fat\u00e1 ro\u010dne. To v\u00fdrazne presahuje be\u017en\u00fa mieru n\u00e1silia medzi r\u00f4znymi skupinami \u0161impanzov. Niektor\u00e9 pr\u00edpady sa ani nepodarilo \u00faplne zdokumentova\u0165. Viac ne\u017e desiatka jedincov z centr\u00e1lnej skupiny jednoducho zmizla bez stopy. Ich tel\u00e1 sa nena\u0161li, no vedci predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee aj oni padli za obe\u0165 \u00fatokom.<\/p>\n

Cel\u00fd jav vyvolal ot\u00e1zku, pre\u010do sa to vlastne stalo. \u0160impanzy nemaj\u00fa n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, politiku ani ideol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e9 by vysvetlili konflikt, ako to \u010dasto rob\u00edme u \u013eud\u00ed. Vedci preto h\u013eadaj\u00fa odpove\u010f inde, v samotn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch medzi jedincami.<\/p>\n

\u201eJe l\u00e1kav\u00e9 pripisova\u0165 vojny u \u013eud\u00ed etnick\u00fdm \u010di politick\u00fdm rozdielom, ale u \u0161impanzov vid\u00edme, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy m\u00f4\u017eu vytvori\u0165 hlbok\u00e9 rozdelenie,\u201c vysvetlil t\u00edm veden\u00fd antropol\u00f3gom Aaron Sandel.<\/p>\n

Za konfliktom nemus\u00ed v\u017edy st\u00e1\u0165 politika, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, alebo nie\u010do in\u00e9<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00fdm z faktorov mohla by\u0165 aj ve\u013ekos\u0165 skupiny. Komunita Ngogo patrila medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie zaznamenan\u00e9, mala takmer 200 jedincov vr\u00e1tane viac ne\u017e 30 dospel\u00fdch samcov. Udr\u017ea\u0165 stabiln\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy v takomto po\u010dte predstavuje obrovsk\u00fa z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e.<\/p>\n

\u201eTak\u00e1to ve\u013ek\u00e1 skupina mohla prekro\u010di\u0165 hranicu, ktor\u00fa e\u0161te dok\u00e1zali udr\u017ea\u0165 soci\u00e1lne v\u00e4zby,\u201c nazna\u010dili vedci.<\/p>\n

Zmena alfa samca mohla nap\u00e4tie e\u0161te zosilni\u0165, no sama o sebe ho nevysvetlila. Sk\u00f4r fungovala ako sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010d procesu, ktor\u00fd u\u017e prebiehal pod povrchom. V\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadie zasiahli aj \u0161ir\u0161iu diskusiu o p\u00f4vode n\u00e1silia. U\u017e v 70. rokoch upozornila Jane Goodall na podobn\u00fd konflikt u \u0161impanzov v Tanz\u00e1nii, no jej pozorovania \u010delili kritike. Niektor\u00ed vedci tvrdili, \u017ee umel\u00e9 prikrmovanie mohlo spr\u00e1vanie ovplyvni\u0165.<\/p>\n

\"Bonobo\"BonoboZdroj: Wikimedia (Natataek \u2013 CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/a><\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd pr\u00edpad z Ugandy priniesol ove\u013ea silnej\u0161ie d\u00f4kazy, ktor\u00e9 vznikli bez tak\u00fdchto z\u00e1sahov. Zauj\u00edmav\u00fd poh\u013ead pon\u00fakol aj vedec James Brooks, ktor\u00fd sa na v\u00fdskume nepodie\u013eal. Upozornil, \u017ee na definit\u00edvne z\u00e1very je e\u0161te skoro, no v\u00fdznam \u0161t\u00fadie nespochybnil.<\/p>\n

\u201eT\u00e1to pr\u00e1ca priniesla k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 \u00fadaje pre modelovanie soci\u00e1lnych procesov, ktor\u00e9 stoja za tak\u00fdmito konfliktmi,\u201c uviedol.<\/p>\n

\u0160impanzy zdie\u013eaj\u00fa s \u013eu\u010fmi pribli\u017ene 98,8 % DNA<\/a>. To zv\u00e1dza k jednoduch\u00e9mu z\u00e1veru, \u017ee podobn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie m\u00e1me \u201enaprogramovan\u00e9\u201c. Realita v\u0161ak vyzer\u00e1 zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

\u201eVz\u0165ahov\u00e1 dynamika m\u00f4\u017ee hra\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu \u00falohu v \u013eudsk\u00fdch konfliktoch, ne\u017e si zvykneme myslie\u0165,\u201c dodali autori \u0161t\u00fadie.<\/p>\n

To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee rozdelenie nemus\u00ed v\u017edy vznikn\u00fa\u0165 kv\u00f4li ideol\u00f3gii alebo zdrojom. Niekedy sta\u010d\u00ed s\u00e9ria mal\u00fdch zmien vo vz\u0165ahoch, ktor\u00e9 sa postupne nahromadia a prerast\u00fa do nie\u010doho ove\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho.<\/p>\n


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