{"id":43408,"date":"2026-04-13T16:01:17","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T16:01:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/43408\/"},"modified":"2026-04-13T16:01:17","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T16:01:17","slug":"vedci-spravili-z-obycajneho-plastu-benzin-aj-naftu-toto-moze-uplne-zmenit-boj-s-odpadom-vosveteit-sk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/43408\/","title":{"rendered":"Vedci spravili z oby\u010dajn\u00e9ho plastu benz\u00edn aj naftu. Toto m\u00f4\u017ee \u00faplne zmeni\u0165 boj s odpadom | Vosveteit.sk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vedci z americk\u00e9ho Oak Ridge National Laboratory <\/a>pri\u0161li s rie\u0161en\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 by n\u00e1s mohlo zbavi\u0165 plastov\u00e9ho odpadu. Oby\u010dajn\u00fd plast dok\u00e1zali premeni\u0165 na palivo podobn\u00e9 benz\u00ednu a nafte. Autori \u0161t\u00fadie popisuj\u00fa konkr\u00e9tny a overen\u00fd chemick\u00fd proces, ktor\u00fd u\u017e pre\u0161iel laborat\u00f3rnymi testami.<\/p>\n

Zamerali sa na polyetyl\u00e9n, \u010do je jeden z najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00edch plastov, s ktor\u00fdm sa stret\u00e1va\u0161 ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148. N\u00e1jde\u0161 ho v igelitk\u00e1ch, obaloch \u010di kuchynsk\u00fdch dosk\u00e1ch. Probl\u00e9m je, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve tento materi\u00e1l tvor\u00ed obrovsk\u00fa \u010das\u0165 odpadu<\/a> a jeho recykl\u00e1cia m\u00e1 svoje limity.<\/p>\n

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Odoberaj Vosveteit.sk cez Telegram a prihl\u00e1s sa k odberu spr\u00e1v
\n <\/a><\/p>\n

Vedci zvolili in\u00fd pr\u00edstup. Namiesto klasick\u00e9ho spa\u013eovania alebo mechanick\u00e9ho spracovania pou\u017eili tzv. roztaven\u00e9 soli. Ide o \u0161peci\u00e1lnu zmes anorganick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e1 pri vy\u0161\u0161ej teplote zostane v tekutom stave. V tomto pr\u00edpade obsahovala chlorid hlinit\u00fd, ktor\u00fd zohral k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1to zmes splnila hne\u010f dve funkcie naraz. Fungovala ako prostredie, v ktorom reakcia prebehla, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ako katalyz\u00e1tor, teda l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 reakciu ur\u00fdchlila. V praxi to znamenalo, \u017ee dlh\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 re\u0165azce sa rozpadli na krat\u0161ie molekuly, ktor\u00e9 sa u\u017e spr\u00e1vali ako klasick\u00e9 paliv\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Experiment m\u00e1 za sebou aj praktick\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky<\/p>\n

T\u00edm dosiahol pribli\u017ene 60-percentn\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165a\u017eok benz\u00ednovej zlo\u017eky a to pri pomerne miernych podmienkach.<\/p>\n

Neprehliadni
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\"Tvoje\"Tvoje <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tPopul\u00e1rna spravodajsk\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia pre iOS a Android dostala ve\u013ek\u00fa aktualiz\u00e1ciu. Pribudlo mno\u017estvo nov\u00fdch funkci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00ed\u0161 vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 <\/p>\n

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\"Vedci\"VedciZdroj: Unsplash (drpepperscott230)<\/p>\n

\u201eVyvinuli sme efekt\u00edvnu a selekt\u00edvnu premenu polyetyl\u00e9nu na benz\u00edn,\u201c vysvetlil v\u00fdskumn\u00edk Liqi Qiu.<\/p>\n

Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm objavom \u0161t\u00fadie boli pr\u00e1ve podmienky, za ak\u00fdch bola reakcia mo\u017en\u00e1. K\u00fdm tradi\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy spracovania plastov na palivo potrebovali teploty okolo 450 a\u017e 500 stup\u0148ov Celzia, nov\u00fd proces fungoval pod hranicou 200 stup\u0148ov. To je teplota porovnate\u013en\u00e1 s be\u017enou kuchynskou r\u00farou. Ni\u017e\u0161ia teplota znamen\u00e1 men\u0161iu spotrebu energie a jednoduch\u0161ie nasadenie v praxi.<\/p>\n

V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina dne\u0161n\u00fdch recykla\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed potrebuje plast dokonale \u010dist\u00fd a vytrieden\u00fd. V praktick\u00fdch podmienkach to znamen\u00e1 drah\u00e9 triedenie, um\u00fdvanie a logistiku. Roztaven\u00e9 soli v\u0161ak zvl\u00e1dnu aj \u201e\u0161pinav\u00fd\u201c materi\u00e1l. Zvy\u0161ky jedla, etikety \u010di in\u00e9 organick\u00e9 ne\u010distoty sa v tomto prostred\u00ed rozlo\u017eia alebo vypl\u00e1vaj\u00fa na povrch. Samotn\u00fd polym\u00e9r sa medzit\u00fdm rozpadne na palivo. To m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 n\u00e1klady na spracovanie odpadu e\u0161te pred samotnou recykl\u00e1ciou.<\/p>\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je aj to, \u010do tento proces nepotreboval. Vedci obi\u0161li drah\u00e9 kovy, ktor\u00e9 sa \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako katalyz\u00e1tory. Nepou\u017eili ani organick\u00e9 rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adl\u00e1 \u010di dodato\u010dn\u00fd vod\u00edk.<\/p>\n

\u201eNa premenu odpadu na hodnotn\u00e9 paliv\u00e1 sme pou\u017eili komer\u010dne dostupn\u00e9 anorganick\u00e9 soli, ktor\u00e9 samy vytvorili katalytick\u00e9 miesta,\u201c uviedla vedky\u0148a Zhenzhen Yang.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 dodala, \u017ee ide o prv\u00fd pr\u00edpad, ke\u010f roztaven\u00e9 soli posl\u00fa\u017eili na v\u00fdrobu hodnotn\u00fdch chemik\u00e1li\u00ed bez potreby extern\u00e9ho katalyz\u00e1tora \u010di rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adla.<\/p>\n

Ako sme u\u017e nazna\u010dili vy\u0161\u0161ie, energia je pri t\u00fdchto reakci\u00e1ch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm faktorom. Pri ka\u017edom podobnom procese sa musia v\u00fdskumn\u00edci op\u00fdta\u0165, \u010di na reakciu nemin\u00fa viac energie, ne\u017e z\u00edskaj\u00fa sp\u00e4\u0165, inak by sa jednoducho neoplatila. V tomto pr\u00edpade proces p\u00f4sob\u00ed konkurencieschopne aj v porovnan\u00ed s \u0165a\u017ebou fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv<\/a>, aspo\u0148 na papieri a v laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach.<\/p>\n

Vedci zdokumentovali premenu plastov na palivo na detailnej \u00farovni<\/p>\n

Vedci sledovali reakciu na \u00farovni at\u00f3mov. Pomocou r\u00f6ntgenov\u00fdch l\u00fa\u010dov, magnetickej rezonancie aj neutr\u00f3nov zistili, ako sa jednotliv\u00e9 prvky spr\u00e1vaj\u00fa. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu zohrali at\u00f3my hlin\u00edka, ktor\u00e9 vytvorili silne kysl\u00e9 miesta schopn\u00e9 rozb\u00edja\u0165 dlh\u00e9 re\u0165azce plastu.<\/p>\n

Ke\u010f sa tieto re\u0165azce rozpadli, vznikli r\u00f4zne typy molek\u00fal. Jednoduch\u0161ie \u0161trukt\u00fary viedli k benz\u00ednu, zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie k nafte. Vedci si to overili aj pomocou izotopov, ozna\u010dili niektor\u00e9 at\u00f3my a sledovali ich pohyb po\u010das reakcie. Cel\u00fd projekt spojil viacero odborov. Chemici, fyzici aj materi\u00e1lov\u00ed vedci spolupracovali na tom, aby pochopili ka\u017ed\u00fd krok procesu. Pou\u017eili napr\u00edklad neutr\u00f3nov\u00e9 zariadenia na sledovanie vod\u00edka alebo pokro\u010dil\u00e9 simul\u00e1cie na v\u00fdpo\u010det energetick\u00fdch zmien.<\/p>\n

\u201eN\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m rie\u0161i dva z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, d\u00e1 sa ove\u013ea \u013eah\u0161ie \u0161k\u00e1lova\u0165 a nepotrebuje inici\u00e1tor reakcie, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa n\u00e1\u0161 proces r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie dostane do priemyslu,\u201c hovor\u00ed Sheng Dai, ved\u00faci projektu.<\/p>\n

\"V\u00fdskumn\u00edci\"V\u00fdskumn\u00edciZdroj: acquelyn DeMink\/ORNL, U.S. Dept. of Energy<\/a>
\nPremena plastu sp\u00e4\u0165 na palivo by mohla vyrie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9m s odpadom<\/p>\n

Polyetyl\u00e9n patr\u00ed medzi plasty, ktor\u00e9 sa s\u00edce recykluj\u00fa, ale len obmedzen\u00fd po\u010detkr\u00e1t. Postupne str\u00e1caj\u00fa vlastnosti a kon\u010dia ako odpad. Tento nov\u00fd pr\u00edstup predstavuje tzv. chemick\u00fa recykl\u00e1ciu<\/a>. Plast sa nerozomelie na menej kvalitn\u00fd materi\u00e1l, ale rozlo\u017e\u00ed sa sp\u00e4\u0165 na z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 stavebn\u00e9 bloky, palivo. Teoreticky tak vznik\u00e1 uzavret\u00fd cyklus, kde odpad sl\u00fa\u017ei ako zdroj energie pre \u010fal\u0161iu v\u00fdrobu.<\/p>\n

To v\u0161ak neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161etko je vyrie\u0161en\u00e9. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci narazili aj na slabinu, reakcia pohlcuje vlhkos\u0165 zo vzduchu, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee zni\u017eova\u0165 jeho stabilitu. Autori \u0161t\u00fadie preto h\u013eadaj\u00fa sp\u00f4soby, ako roztaven\u00e9 soli uzavrie\u0165 alebo stabilizova\u0165, napr\u00edklad pomocou uhl\u00edka \u010di halog\u00e9nov.<\/p>\n


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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Vedci z americk\u00e9ho Oak Ridge National Laboratory pri\u0161li s rie\u0161en\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 by n\u00e1s mohlo zbavi\u0165 plastov\u00e9ho odpadu. Oby\u010dajn\u00fd…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":43409,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[2163,34,37,10165,33,8977,6288,9348,18372,229,18373,10279,43,40,39,42,41,36,38,35,4134,3492],"class_list":{"0":"post-43408","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-spravy","8":"tag-benzin","9":"tag-headlines","10":"tag-hlavne-spravy","11":"tag-nafta","12":"tag-news","13":"tag-obmedzenie","14":"tag-palivo","15":"tag-plast","16":"tag-polyetylen","17":"tag-problem","18":"tag-problem-s-odpadom","19":"tag-recyklacia","20":"tag-sk","21":"tag-slovak","22":"tag-slovakia","23":"tag-slovencina","24":"tag-slovensko","25":"tag-spravy","26":"tag-titulky","27":"tag-top-stories","28":"tag-zem","29":"tag-zivotne-prostredie"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@sk\/116398239454607388","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43408"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43408\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}