{"id":59378,"date":"2026-05-02T15:18:18","date_gmt":"2026-05-02T15:18:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/59378\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T15:18:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T15:18:18","slug":"stupol-pocet-lekarnikov-i-veriacich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/59378\/","title":{"rendered":"St\u00fapol po\u010det lek\u00e1rnikov i veriacich"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hlasy o \u0161kodlivosti alkoholu sa na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00fdch Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch oz\u00fdvaj\u00fa dlho. U\u017e v roku 1735 Georgia, e\u0161te ako britsk\u00e1 kol\u00f3nia, na sedem rokov zakazuje rum. V \u010fal\u0161\u00edch storo\u010diach sa ale z\u00e1kaz predaja alkoholu \u0161\u00edri po USA v ove\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161om meradle. \u201ePriemern\u00fd Ameri\u010dan spotrebuje dve f\u013ea\u0161e p\u00e1lenky t\u00fd\u017edenne,\u201c varuj\u00fa aktivisti.<\/p>\n

V roku 1869 vznik\u00e1 politick\u00e1 strana Prohibition Party. Bojuje po boku \u017denskej kres\u0165anskej \u00fanie za striedmos\u0165. \u201eStriedmos\u0165 je umiernenos\u0165 v dobr\u00fdch veciach a \u00fapln\u00e1 zdr\u017eanlivos\u0165 od vec\u00ed zl\u00fdch,\u201c hl\u00e1sa jej predsedn\u00ed\u010dka Frances Willardov\u00e1 (1839 \u2013 1898).\u00a0S\u00faboj n\u00e1zorov na politickom kolbisku v\u0161ak ob\u010das vy\u00fasti v n\u00e1silnosti. \u00datokmi na obchody a bary sa nesl\u00e1vne presl\u00e1vi \u010fal\u0161ia zo \u017eensk\u00fdch aktivistiek Carry Amelia Mooreov\u00e1 (1846-1911). \u201eUrobila som, \u010do som mohla,\u201c pochva\u013euje si kr\u00e1tko pred smr\u0165ou. Bola by e\u0161te spokojnej\u0161ia, keby tu\u0161ila, ako sa prohib\u00edcia raz v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch ujme.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Hostia len o vode<\/p>\n

Atmosf\u00e9ra toti\u017e neprest\u00e1va hustn\u00fa\u0165 ani s pr\u00edchodom 20. storo\u010dia. Zak\u00e1za\u0165 predaj a konzum\u00e1ciu alkoholu ale nie je len tak. \u201eDa\u0148 z alkoholu tvor\u00ed \u0161tyridsa\u0165 percent pr\u00edjmov americkej vl\u00e1dy, tak\u017ee mus\u00edme zaisti\u0165 in\u00fd zdroj financi\u00ed,\u201c uvedomuj\u00fa si prohibicionisti, z\u00e1stancovia z\u00e1kazu. To sa im podar\u00ed v roku 1913, ke\u010f novo schv\u00e1len\u00fd 16. dodatok americkej \u00fastavy zav\u00e1dza da\u0148 z pr\u00edjmu. Hlavn\u00fa \u00falohu v boji proti alkoholu teraz preber\u00e1 novozalo\u017een\u00e1 Protisal\u00f3nov\u00e1 liga, ktor\u00e1 sa z lok\u00e1lnej organiz\u00e1cie v Ohiu v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch rokov vypracuje v celo\u0161t\u00e1tnu nezanedbate\u013en\u00fa silu.<\/p>\n

\u201ePi\u0165 alkohol znamen\u00e1 by\u0165 pronemeck\u00fd,\u201c znie navy\u0161e jej heslo v \u010dase prvej svetovej vojny a Ameri\u010dania na to po\u010d\u00favaj\u00fa. St\u00e1le viac sa oz\u00fdva hlas n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch aktivistov, ale prid\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa aj politici. \u201ePo\u010das \u0161t\u00e1tnych ve\u010der\u00ed nebudem hos\u0165om pod\u00e1va\u0165 alkohol, len vodu a hroznov\u00fa \u0161\u0165avu,\u201c umieni si napr\u00edklad William Jennings Bryan (1860\u20131925), ke\u010f k\u00fdvne na ponuku sta\u0165 sa ministrom zahrani\u010dia.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Prezident nes\u00fahlas\u00ed<\/p>\n

Protisal\u00f3nov\u00e1 liga prejde \u00faspe\u0161ne sk\u00fa\u0161kou, pri ktorej sa podar\u00ed 18. novembra 1918 v Kongrese presadi\u0165 do\u010dasn\u00fd z\u00e1kon o vojnovej prohib\u00edcii, zakazuj\u00faci predaj n\u00e1pojov s obsahom alkoholu nad 1,28 percenta. \u201eU\u0161etr\u00ed to obilie pre vojnov\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky,\u201c znie vysvetlenie, hoci je z\u00e1kon prijat\u00fd p\u00e1r dn\u00ed po podpise pr\u00edmeria, ktor\u00fdm prv\u00e1 svetov\u00e1 vojna kon\u010d\u00ed. \u00dasilie prohibicionistov v\u0161ak pokra\u010duje \u010falej.<\/p>\n

\t
\n\t\t\"Tis\u00edce\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tZobrazi\u0165 gal\u00e9riu (4)\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t<\/a><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0(Zdroj: Vygenerovan\u00e9 umelou inteligenciou (Gemini by Google))<\/p>\n

Republik\u00e1n Andrew Volstead (1859 \u2013 1947) v j\u00fani 1919 prich\u00e1dza s n\u00e1vrhom z\u00e1kona, ktor\u00fd v\u00fdrobu a predaj alkoholu obmedzuje e\u0161te viac. V\u0161etko, \u010do presahuje pol percenta obsahu alkoholu, je n\u00e1hle neleg\u00e1lne. Atmosf\u00e9ra v USA u\u017e je v tom \u010dase tak\u00e1 premenen\u00e1, \u017ee Volsteadov z\u00e1kon je ratifikovan\u00fd aj napriek vetu prezidenta Woodrowa Wilsona (1856\u20131924). Schv\u00e1len\u00edm 18. dodatku \u00dastavy Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov 16. janu\u00e1ra 1919 sa prohib\u00edcia st\u00e1va skuto\u010dnos\u0165ou.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tis\u00edce otr\u00e1ven\u00fdch<\/p>\n

R\u00fdchlo sa uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee mno\u017estvo sprievodn\u00fdch javov prohib\u00edcie jej autori nepremysleli. Krachuj\u00fa v\u00fdrobcovia alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1pojov, \u010do prin\u00e1\u0161a z\u00e1stupy nezamestnan\u00fdch. Zatv\u00e1raj\u00fa sa bary a v\u00fd\u010dapy. Mnoho \u013eud\u00ed sa sna\u017e\u00ed vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 vlastn\u00fd alkohol doma. Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto amat\u00e9rskych produktov s\u00fa nielen zdraviu \u0161kodliv\u00e9, ale aj priam jedovat\u00e9. Ve\u010f surovinami sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj \u010distiace prostriedky alebo laky, za farbiv\u00e1 sl\u00fa\u017ei tabak alebo j\u00f3d.<\/p>\n

Dom\u00e1ci v\u00fdrobcovia navy\u0161e nedbaj\u00fa na to, \u017ee priemyseln\u00fd lieh teraz povinne obsahuje nepo\u017e\u00edvate\u013en\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 pr\u00edsady. Pok\u00fatne vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9mu dom\u00e1cemu alkoholu sa za\u010d\u00edna hovori\u0165 hooch pod\u013ea destil\u00e1tu hoochinoo, ktor\u00fd v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed popularizovali prospektori za zlatej hor\u00fa\u010dky na Alja\u0161ke. \u201ePo\u010das prohib\u00edcie ka\u017edoro\u010dne zomrelo na n\u00e1sledky otravy zhruba tis\u00edc Ameri\u010danov,\u201c uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa odhady.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mafia na vrchole<\/p>\n

Na vzostupe je ale predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pa\u0161er\u00e1cke remeslo. Bohat\u00ed Ameri\u010dania si st\u00e1le m\u00f4\u017eu dopria\u0165 alkohol, tajne dopravovan\u00fd z Kanady, Strednej Ameriky aj Eur\u00f3py. Americk\u00e9 mest\u00e1 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa by\u0165 pretkan\u00e9 ileg\u00e1lnymi barmi, takzvan\u00fdmi speakeasmi. Len v New Yorku je ich n\u00e1hle na 100 000 a v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch ve\u013ek\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch nie je situ\u00e1cia ove\u013ea lep\u0161ia. „Poznal som San Francisco za prohib\u00edcie. Bolo tam viac barov ako kostolov a v\u017edy sa tam dal zohna\u0165 drink,“ spom\u00edna nesk\u00f4r herec Jackie Coogan (1914-1984), jedna z najlep\u0161ie platen\u00fdch hollywoodskych hviezd, nesk\u00f4r zn\u00e1ma probl\u00e9mami so z\u00e1vislos\u0165ou.<\/p>\n

Prohib\u00edcia m\u00e1 odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 zneu\u017e\u00edvanie alkoholu. Nielen\u017ee sa jej to nedar\u00ed, navy\u0161e bujnie korupcia a n\u00e1silie. A to v\u0161etko nem\u00e1 pod doh\u013eadom nikto in\u00fd ako mafia. V\u00ed\u0165azmi prohib\u00edcie sa tak st\u00e1vaj\u00fa gangstri ako Tom Dennison (1858\u20131934) z Omahy alebo Al Capone (1899\u20131947), vl\u00e1dca chicagsk\u00e9ho podsvetia. Novo zriaden\u00fd feder\u00e1lny \u00darad pre prohib\u00edciu m\u00e1 k dispoz\u00edcii 3000 agentov, ktor\u00ed ale nem\u00f4\u017eu stihn\u00fa\u0165 str\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 dlh\u00fa hranicu s Kanadou a Mexikom a s\u00fa\u010dasne vy\u0161etrova\u0165 neleg\u00e1lnu dom\u00e1cu v\u00fdrobu a prepravu alkoholu po celej krajine\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Pijanom proti Atlantiku<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00fa samozrejme aj v\u00fdnimky zo z\u00e1kona. Jednu z nich z\u00edskavaj\u00fa lek\u00e1rnici, ktor\u00fdm predpisy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa zaobstara\u0165 si alkohol na laborat\u00f3rne pou\u017eitie, a ktor\u00ed maj\u00fa dokonca pr\u00e1vo predpisova\u0165 whisky ako liek na \u00fazkosti \u010di prechladnutie. U\u017e po\u010das prv\u00fdch rokov prohib\u00edcie sa po\u010det registrovan\u00fdch lek\u00e1rnikov strojn\u00e1sobuje. A preto\u017ee aj v\u00edno sa st\u00e1le smie vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, st\u00fapa aj po\u010det veriacich. Mnoho obchodn\u00edkov sa r\u00fdchlo nau\u010d\u00ed, ako z\u00e1kon obch\u00e1dza\u0165.<\/p>\n

\u201eM\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k skvaseniu a premene na alkoholick\u00fd n\u00e1poj,\u201c znie napr\u00edklad n\u00e1pis na n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch s ovocn\u00fdmi koncentr\u00e1tmi, varovanie je v tomto pr\u00edpade ale sk\u00f4r n\u00e1vodom na pou\u017eitie. \u201eAlkohol je mo\u017en\u00e9 k\u00fapi\u0165 takmer v ktor\u00fako\u013evek denn\u00fa i no\u010dn\u00fa dobu, \u010di u\u017e na vidieku, alebo v meste,\u201c prip\u00fa\u0161\u0165a v roku 1929 smutne Mabel Walker Willebrandtov\u00e1 (1889\u20131963), asistentka gener\u00e1lneho prokur\u00e1tora, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 na starosti st\u00edhanie za poru\u0161enie prohib\u00edcie. „Mus\u00edme dopadn\u00fa\u0165 hlavn\u00fdch pa\u0161er\u00e1kov. Postihova\u0165 len neleg\u00e1lne bary je ako sk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 vys\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 Atlantik pijakom,“ vyhlasuje.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u010cakanie na hrdinu<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dovanie v prohib\u00edcii je ne\u00fanosn\u00e9. \u00daplne zlikvidovan\u00fd je pivovarn\u00edcky priemysel, prudko narast\u00e1 nezamestnanos\u0165, v\u00fdpadok da\u0148ov\u00fdch pr\u00edjmov je 11 mili\u00e1rd dol\u00e1rov. \u201eHlavnou pr\u00ed\u010dinou je rozsiahla policajn\u00e1 a politick\u00e1 korupcia v kombin\u00e1cii s nedostatkom v\u00f4le verejnosti,\u201c uv\u00e1dza spr\u00e1va Komisie pre dodr\u017eiavanie a presadzovanie pr\u00e1va v roku 1931. Neute\u0161en\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu si mnoh\u00ed uvedomuj\u00fa, ale nikto nem\u00e1 odvahu vyst\u00fapi\u0165 a verejne vyhl\u00e1si\u0165, \u017ee prohib\u00edcia zlyh\u00e1va.<\/p>\n

\t
\n\t\t\"Tis\u00edce\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tZobrazi\u0165 gal\u00e9riu (4)\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t<\/a><\/p>\n

\t\u00a0(Zdroj: SITA\/AP)<\/p>\n

Tak\u00fdm hrdinom je a\u017e demokratick\u00fd kandid\u00e1t na prezidenta Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945), ktor\u00fd vstupuje do volebnej kampane s jasnou po\u017eiadavkou prohib\u00edciu ukon\u010di\u0165. „Tento zjazd chce, aby bola zru\u0161en\u00e1. V\u00e1\u0161 kandid\u00e1t chce, aby bola zru\u0161en\u00e1. A som si ist\u00fd, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty tie\u017e chc\u00fa, aby bola zru\u0161en\u00e1,“ vyhlasuje v roku 1932 na demokratickom zjazde v Chicagu. Akt\u00edvna kritika prohib\u00edcie prispeje k jeho v\u00ed\u0165azstvu, 4. marca 1933 sa naozaj st\u00e1va 32. prezidentom Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov. Len p\u00e4\u0165 dn\u00ed po inaugur\u00e1cii mu sta\u010d\u00ed, aby v z\u00e1le\u017eitosti prohib\u00edcie zvolal Kongres. U\u017e 5. decembra 1933 je v\u0161etk\u00fdmi americk\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi ratifikovan\u00fd 21. dodatok k \u00fastave, ktor\u00fdm sa prohib\u00edcia ru\u0161\u00ed. \u201eAmerika teraz potrebuje drink,\u201c komentuje tento \u00faspech s \u00fa\u013eavou Roosevelt.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tento a\u00a0\u010fal\u0161ie zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky n\u00e1jdete v\u00a0\u010dasopise\u00a0 HISTORY Revue.<\/p>\n

\t
\n\t\t\"Tis\u00edce\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tZobrazi\u0165 gal\u00e9riu (4)\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Hlasy o \u0161kodlivosti alkoholu sa na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00fdch Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch oz\u00fdvaj\u00fa dlho. U\u017e v roku 1735 Georgia, e\u0161te…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":59379,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[23560,23563,23566,847,23567,21965,23569,23562,23564,14756,11188,33,23561,23568,43,40,42,36,50,304,23565,49,48],"class_list":{"0":"post-59378","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-svet","8":"tag-23560","9":"tag-23563","10":"tag-al-capone","11":"tag-alkohol","12":"tag-andrew-volstead","13":"tag-chicago","14":"tag-frances-willardova","15":"tag-franklin-d-roosevelt","16":"tag-gangstri","17":"tag-mafia","18":"tag-new-york","19":"tag-news","20":"tag-prohibicia","21":"tag-protisaloonova-liga","22":"tag-sk","23":"tag-slovak","24":"tag-slovencina","25":"tag-spravy","26":"tag-svet","27":"tag-usa","28":"tag-woodrow-wilson","29":"tag-world","30":"tag-world-news"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@sk\/116505655707989718","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59378","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59378"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59378\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/59379"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59378"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59378"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59378"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}