BERKLEY- Medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie medic\u00ednske \u00faspechy patr\u00ed o\u010dkovanie. V\u010faka vakcin\u00e1cii sa \u00faplne alebo v\u00fdznamne zn\u00ed\u017eila \u00famrtnos\u0165 na z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00e9 ochorenia. <\/p>\n
\u00a0Pri zrode vakc\u00edn proti nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm infek\u010dn\u00fdm chorob\u00e1m st\u00e1l britsk\u00fd lek\u00e1r Edward Jenner, ktor\u00fd pred 230 uskuto\u010dnil nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd vedeck\u00fd experiment. Osemro\u010dn\u00e9mu chlapcovi 14. m\u00e1ja 1796 najprv nao\u010dkoval kravsk\u00e9 kiahne a o \u0161es\u0165 t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov vniesol do jeho organizmu v\u00edrus prav\u00fdch kiahn\u00ed. Osemro\u010dn\u00fd James Phipps sa prav\u00fdmi kiah\u0148ami nenakazil.<\/p>\n
P\u00f4vod v staroveku<\/p>\n
Prv\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy o \u0161\u00edren\u00ed prav\u00fdch kiahn\u00ed (variola) poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa u\u017e zo staroveku. Ochorenie poch\u00e1dzalo pravdepodobne zo strednej Afriky. Odtia\u013e sa roz\u0161\u00edrilo do \u00c1zie najm\u00e4 rozvojom dopravy a ni\u010dilo cel\u00e9 popul\u00e1cie. Najlep\u0161ie dokumentovan\u00e9 s\u00fa epid\u00e9mie v 18. storo\u010d\u00ed v Eur\u00f3pe, ke\u010f po\u010det chor\u00fdch dosiahol 200 mili\u00f3nov a 60 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed zomrelo. Po vylie\u010den\u00ed zasa ost\u00e1vali zmrza\u010denia v podobe deform\u00e1cie svalov a k\u013abov, slepoty alebo ko\u017en\u00fdch defektov.<\/p>\n
Prvou v\u00fdraznej\u0161ou ochranou proti kiah\u0148am bola tzv. varioliz\u00e1cia. Z\u00e1krok podobn\u00fd o\u010dkovaniu, pri ktorom sa \u010dloveku do ko\u017ee vn\u00e1\u0161al obsah vriedkov kiah\u0148ami zasiahnutej osoby. Toto prevent\u00edvne opatrenie malo sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 \u013eahk\u00fd priebeh ochorenia a n\u00e1sledn\u00fa imunitu. Riziko \u00famrt\u00ed po varioliz\u00e1cii ost\u00e1valo v\u0161ak vysok\u00e9 a met\u00f3da neviedla k zn\u00ed\u017eeniu intenzity \u010di k preru\u0161eniu epidemick\u00e9ho procesu.<\/p>\n
Varioliz\u00e1cia bola be\u017en\u00e1 v Indii, kde sa s \u0148ou obozn\u00e1mili kolonizuj\u00faci Briti. Aj prv\u00fd z\u00e1krok v Eur\u00f3pe vykonali na britskom kr\u00e1\u013eovskom dvore v roku 1721. Na \u00fazem\u00ed kontinent\u00e1lnej Eur\u00f3py v tom istom roku v pou\u017eil prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t varioliz\u00e1ciu pre\u0161ovsk\u00fd \u017eupn\u00fd lek\u00e1r J\u00e1n Adam Raymann.<\/p>\n
Legend\u00e1rny medic\u00ednsky pokus<\/p>\n
Nesk\u00f4r nie ve\u013emi bezpe\u010dn\u00fa varioliz\u00e1ciu nahradila vakcin\u00e1cia, ke\u010f v anglickom meste\u010dku Berkeley lek\u00e1r Edward Jenner 14. m\u00e1ja 1796 vykonal legend\u00e1rny medic\u00ednsky pokus. Zameral sa na vtedy zn\u00e1my poznatok, \u017ee doji\u010di, ktor\u00ed sa nakazili ne\u0161kodn\u00fdmi kravsk\u00fdmi sypanicami (kiah\u0148ami), ostali uchr\u00e1nen\u00ed od zvy\u010dajne smrte\u013en\u00fdch \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u010di prav\u00fdch kiahn\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Jenner z toho vyvodil, \u017ee \u013eudia by mohli by\u0165 chr\u00e1nen\u00ed cielenou infekciou kravsk\u00fdmi sypanicami vo forme o\u010dkovania. Koncom 18. storo\u010dia tak sp\u00f4sobil revol\u00faciu v mo\u017enostiach vtedaj\u0161ej medic\u00edny. Na kiahne v tom \u010dase zomieralo 15 – 40 percent nakazen\u00fdch.<\/p>\n
Z p\u013euzgiera kravsk\u00fdmi kiah\u0148ami nakazenej doji\u010dky kravsk\u00fdmi kiah\u0148ami z\u00edskal l\u00e1tku, ktorou zao\u010dkoval osemro\u010dn\u00e9ho Jamesa Phippsa. Vniesol mu ju do ramena pomocou dvoch plytk\u00fdch z\u00e1rezov do ko\u017ee. O p\u00e1r t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov chlapca zao\u010dkoval prav\u00fdmi kiah\u0148ami. Chlapec neochorel, \u010d\u00edm Jenner dosiahol potvrdenie svojej te\u00f3rie, \u017ee o\u010dkovan\u00fd \u010dlovek kravsk\u00fdmi kiah\u0148ami na prav\u00e9 kiahne neochorie.<\/p>\n
Odmietnutie revolu\u010dnej my\u0161lienky<\/p>\n
Ke\u010f svoje zistenie tlmo\u010dil v roku 1797 Kr\u00e1\u013eovskej spolo\u010dnosti, odbili ho, \u017ee jeho my\u0161lienka je pr\u00edli\u0161 revolu\u010dn\u00e1. Jenner potom vykonal \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9 vakcin\u00e1cie na \u010fal\u0161\u00edch de\u0165och aj na svojom 11-mesa\u010dnom synovi. Napriek \u00faspechu sa nov\u00e1 met\u00f3da stala aj n\u00e1metom pre karikaturistov.<\/p>\n
Po \u010dase si v\u0161ak z\u00edskala d\u00f4veru a roz\u0161\u00edrila sa. Tento postup, nesk\u00f4r pomenovan\u00fd \u201evakcin\u00e1cia\u201c \u010di\u017ee o\u010dkovanie, vypl\u00fdvaj\u00face zo slova \u201evacca\u201c (po latinsky krava), potvrdil mo\u017enos\u0165 vytvorenia umelej imunity. Met\u00f3da sa postupne roz\u0161\u00edrila po celej Eur\u00f3pe a dostala sa aj do Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov americk\u00fdch (USA).<\/p>\n
Vedeck\u00fd z\u00e1klad pre masov\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie o\u010dkovania polo\u017eil v druhej polovici 19. storo\u010dia franc\u00fazsky mikrobiol\u00f3g Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895). Pri obsiahlej\u0161om v\u00fdskume kvasenia dospel okrem in\u00e9ho aj k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee choroby v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa mikr\u00f3by a bakt\u00e9rie. Dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee imunitu vo\u010di nim mo\u017eno z\u00edska\u0165 zao\u010dkovan\u00edm postihnut\u00e9ho oslaben\u00fdm p\u00f4vodcom choroby.<\/p>\n
Sl\u00e1vny pokus s ovcami<\/p>\n
V roku 1881 na gazdovstve ju\u017ene od Par\u00ed\u017ea uskuto\u010dnil sl\u00e1vny pokus so sne\u0165ou slezinnou. V\u0161etky ovce, ktor\u00e9 zao\u010dkoval oslaben\u00fdm v\u00edrusom sneti slezinnej, pre\u017eili. Po tomto \u00faspe\u0161nom experimente v roku 1884 za\u010dal pracova\u0165 na vakc\u00edne proti besnote. V j\u00fali 1885 k nemu priviedli chlapca, ktor\u00e9ho pohr\u00fdzol besn\u00fd pes. Pasteur mu aplikoval vakc\u00ednu a chlapec neochorel. Odvtedy sa za\u010dala hist\u00f3ria v\u00fdvoja vakc\u00edn proti r\u00f4znym najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edm infek\u010dn\u00fdm chorob\u00e1m.<\/p>\n
Od \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9ho Jennerovho o\u010dkovania sa vakcin\u00e1cia stala d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom v boji proti mnoh\u00fdm \u017eivot ohrozuj\u00facim infek\u010dn\u00fdm ochoreniam. Zdokona\u013eovanie o\u010dkovac\u00edch l\u00e1tok, objavy nov\u00fdch, postavilo o\u010dkovanie na popredn\u00e9 miesto v prevencii. Vytvorili sa \u00faspe\u0161ne vakc\u00edny proti cholere, bru\u0161n\u00e9mu t\u00fdfusu, z\u00e1\u0161krtu, tetanu \u010di \u017elta\u010dke. Svet sa v\u010faka o\u010dkovaniu zbavil \u010diernych kiahn\u00ed, sneti slezinnej a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch infekci\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Svetov\u00e1 zdravotn\u00edcka organiz\u00e1cia (WHO) v roku 1979 vyhl\u00e1sila, \u017ee sa podarilo vyhubi\u0165 variolu (kiahne) vo svete. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo det\u00ed sa zachr\u00e1nilo aj v\u010faka vytvoreniu vakc\u00edny proti detskej obrne a masov\u00e9 povinn\u00e9 o\u010dkovanie chr\u00e1ni civilizovan\u00fd svet pred mno\u017estvom \u010fal\u0161\u00edch nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch infek\u010dn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"BERKLEY- Medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie medic\u00ednske \u00faspechy patr\u00ed o\u010dkovanie. V\u010faka vakcin\u00e1cii sa \u00faplne alebo v\u00fdznamne zn\u00ed\u017eila \u00famrtnos\u0165 na z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00e9…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":68055,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[26160,1902,33,6601,26159,43,40,42,36,50,49,48],"class_list":{"0":"post-68054","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-svet","8":"tag-edward-jenner","9":"tag-lekar","10":"tag-news","11":"tag-ockovanie","12":"tag-ovcie-kiahne","13":"tag-sk","14":"tag-slovak","15":"tag-slovencina","16":"tag-spravy","17":"tag-svet","18":"tag-world","19":"tag-world-news"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@sk\/116562198759552082","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68054","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68054"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68054\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/68055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68054"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=68054"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=68054"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}