For centuries, the genius of Leonardo da Vinci has captivated historians, scientists, and artists alike. Known for his masterpieces and groundbreaking scientific studies, little has been known about his personal lineage. Now, a decades-long effort to trace his genetic roots has made astonishing discoveries, offering a new window into the life of this towering figure of the Renaissance.
A Historic DNA Investigation
In May 2025, two historians, Alessandro Vezzosi and Agnese Sabato, unveiled the results of over thirty years of genealogical research. Their book, Genìa da Vinci. Genealogy and Genetics for Leonardo’s DNA, chronicles their efforts to construct an elaborate family tree for Leonardo da Vinci, spanning 21 generations from 1331 to the present day. This monumental work identifies over 400 individuals and traces the Da Vinci family’s male lineage, including 15 direct descendants of Leonardo.
The project, titled Leonardo da Vinci DNA, started in 2016 with the goal of uncovering biological traces of the artist’s remarkable skills and understanding the roots of his vision, creativity, and health. The study focused on Y chromosome analysis, passed down through the male line. This chromosome provided a link to Leonardo’s ancestors, despite the fact that he never had direct children of his own.
DNA Confirmation and Unveiling New Connections
Vezzosi and Sabato’s genealogical research, now backed by DNA analysis, confirmed the existence of a continuous male-line lineage from Leonardo’s father Piero da Vinci. By studying male descendants of Leonardo’s relatives, including his half-brother Domenico Benedetto, the team found that six individuals share identical Y chromosomes, confirming the genetic continuity of the Da Vinci family. The research also uncovered connections to Leonardo’s extended family, including some relatives believed to have played a significant role in the development of his legacy.
Among the key findings was the identification of a family tomb in Santa Croce Church in Vinci, Italy, where several of Leonardo’s relatives are believed to be buried. Anthropologists from the University of Florence have been excavating the site, recovering bone fragments that could be linked to Leonardo’s family. Preliminary tests suggest that the remains are from a male, which could provide the first solid evidence to reconstruct Leonardo’s DNA.
The Search for Leonardo’s Biological Footprints
In their quest for biological material tied to Leonardo, the researchers are exploring more than just family tombs. They are also examining ancient manuscripts and drawings by the master artist for traces of his DNA. According to Jesse H. Ausubel, director of the project at Rockefeller University, even something as simple as a fingerprint on a page could contain exploitable cells. This groundbreaking approach could revolutionize our ability to authenticate Leonardo’s works and deepen our understanding of his biological traits.
Scientists are also investigating paleogenomic samples recovered from the tombs of Vinci. If DNA can be successfully extracted and matched to living descendants, the genetic lineage of the Da Vinci family could be confirmed, shedding light on new aspects of Leonardo’s life and possibly even the causes of his death. The team’s ambitious goal is to use modern genetic techniques to build a comprehensive genetic portrait of the Renaissance genius.
A Reconstructed Family History
As the Leonardo da Vinci DNA Project progresses, new revelations are emerging about the life and times of Leonardo’s family. The team has identified seven homes once owned by the Da Vinci family in the village of Vinci, Italy, and Leonardo’s own properties in the area. Of particular interest is a charcoal drawing discovered on a fireplace mantle in Vinci, depicting a “Unicorn Dragon”. The drawing, which shares stylistic features with Leonardo’s known works, could potentially be attributed to him, offering further insight into his creative mind.
Additionally, the team has made strides in uncovering the identity of Leonardo’s mother, who has long been a subject of mystery. Through research into historical records, they suggest that she may have been an Oriental slave named Caterina, a servant to a wealthy Florentine banker. This finding, derived from wills and donation records dating back to 1449, adds a new layer to the understanding of Leonardo’s early life.
The ongoing investigation of Leonardo da Vinci’s genetic legacy is not only a scientific endeavor but also a cultural rediscovery. By reconnecting the present to the past, this project is reshaping our understanding of one of the greatest minds in history.