Glenroyd Medical serves about 14,000 people in Blackpool and Bispham.
Both of its surgeries were inspected in April and May.
Inspectors said staff did not work well together because they had not “received effective support, supervision and development”.
Fire safety management was found to be “unclear, meaning people could be put at risk in an emergency,” the CQC said.
But patients felt listened to and were treated with “kindness and compassion”.
Linda Hirst, CQC deputy director of operations for the region, said: “When we inspected Glenroyd Medical, although we found caring staff, it was disappointing to see such a deterioration in the quality of care being provided since we last inspected.
“Poor leadership had led to people receiving unsafe care, and we found several areas where urgent improvements are needed to keep people safe.”
In a statement on its website, Glenroyd Medical said its inspection “did not go as hoped” and that it was working to fix the problems raised by the August deadline given by the CQC.
It added: “The matters highlighted focus mostly around recording of processes, procedures and policies, recording of team learning, HR documentation, remedial property work etc. and not on the ‘Clinical standards, performance delivery or caring for you as patients, for which our rating was good.
“We will continue to provide you with a high-quality primary health care.”