The funding, to be spent over the next five years, will be invested into space, maritime and technology industries.
The strategy creates five new Defence Growth Deals, in Scotland, Plymouth, South Yorkshire, Wales and Northern Ireland.
It forges what is hoped to be a long-term partnership between the UK and the devolved government in Scotland, with business and research institutions expected to be prioritised.
Launching the plans, Mr Healey said he hoped Scotland would play a part in making the UK the “best place in the world to start and grow a defence firm”.
He said: “The Defence Industrial Strategy will make defence an engine for growth in Scotland, backing jobs, industry and innovators.
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“Defence Growth Deals offer a new partnership with UK defence to build on industrial and innovation strengths that regions already hold. Together we aim to drive an increase in defence skills and jobs across Scotland.”
The Defence Secretary added that the UK will be at the “leading edge” of innovation under the new strategy.
It follows a historic increase in defence spending which is set to rise to 2.6% of the GDP by 2026 and ambition to increase it further, to 3%, in the next Parliament.
In June, Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer also pledged to meet a new Nato target to spend 5% of the UK’s GDP on national security by 2035, with 3.5% expected on core defence and a further 1.5% on resilience and security.
In Scotland, there are more than 11,000 people employed as a result of Ministry of Defence industry spending, according to official data released by the UK Government.
It is not yet known how many jobs could be created in Scotland, but early analysis from the UK Government suggests there could be demand for up to 50,000 additional defence jobs across the UK by 2034-35 as spending increases.
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Chancellor Rachel Reeves said: “This is a plan for good jobs paying decent wages in Scotland and beyond.
“Through Defence Growth Deals we will unleash the power of local economies while securing our country – building an economy that works for working people, in every part of this country.”
The Prime Minister visited Glasgow last week after a £10 billion frigates order for the Norwegian navy was confirmed.
It will be the UK’s largest ever warship export and will be built on the Clyde.
Defence giant Babcock is also expected to secure a £1 billion deal to build four Type 31 frigates for the Danish navy at Rosyth, while the Fife yard is also in the running for a Swedish contract of up to seven more ships.
Scottish Secretary Douglas Alexander said: “The UK Government’s Defence Industrial Strategy will mean a real boost for Scotland’s economy and create highly skilled jobs for years to come – this is the defence dividend.
“Just last week we saw a £10 billion shipbuilding contract come to Clydeside – that is a fantastic example of what can be achieved with a government committed to ensuring Scotland benefits from the global rise in defence spending.
“Scotland’s defence sector is second to none, and our Defence Industrial Strategy will help ensure it has a thriving future.”
The specifics of Scotland’s Defence Growth Deal will be developed in the coming months, following collaboration with the Scottish Government and the industry.
In an exclusive interview with The Herald this week, the Prime Minister urged the Scottish Government to abandon its opposition to nuclear weapons amid the challenging international landscape, with threats from global powers Russia, China and North Korea.
The Scottish Government removed its ban on allocating public money to firms involved in manufacturing munitions in response to the volatility in Ukraine.