The three winners will share prize money of 11 million Swedish kronor (£872,000).
The three scientists’ work is about how molecules can be built together into structures. The Nobel committee called it “molecular architecture”.
The men worked out how to build constructions with large spaces between the molecules, through which gases and other chemicals can flow.
These are called metal-organic frameworks.
The announcement was made by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences at a news conference in Stockholm, Sweden.
Professor Kitagawa works at Kyoto University in Japan, Professor Richard Robson is at University of Melbourne, Australia, and Professor Omar M. Yaghi is at the University of California, US.