An online experiment found that individuals with lower anxiety and higher levels of behavioral activation, perseverance, and optimism tended to be more sensitive to future consequences when making decisions. In contrast, depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and non-planfulness were not significantly associated with this sensitivity. The research was published in Personality and Individual Differences.

Sensitivity to future consequences refers to the tendency to consider and weigh the long-term outcomes of one’s actions before making decisions. People high in this trait are more likely to delay immediate gratification in favor of achieving better outcomes in the future. It is often linked to self-control, planning ability, and risk management. Low sensitivity to future consequences may contribute to impulsive behavior, as individuals focus more on short-term rewards than delayed benefits.

This concept is widely studied in psychology, behavioral economics, and decision-making research. It plays a role in health-related behaviors, such as adhering to exercise programs or avoiding harmful habits like smoking. In academic and professional settings, higher sensitivity to future consequences has been associated with better performance and long-term success. It also influences financial decisions, including saving for retirement or making investment choices. Cultural and environmental factors can shape how strongly people weigh future outcomes.

Study authors Xinyao Ma and John E. Roberts noted that individuals struggling with anxiety or depression often exhibit insensitivity to future consequences, meaning their decisions are guided more by short-term emotional relief than long-term goals. Such individuals may engage in behaviors that provide immediate comfort but carry harmful long-term consequences.

To explore this, the researchers examined whether individual differences in sensitivity to future consequences were associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and related psychological traits. They hypothesized that hopelessness—a cognitive state frequently linked to both depression and anxiety—could lead individuals to discount the benefits of future-oriented behavior due to a pessimistic outlook. Similarly, anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, might cause future rewards to seem less motivating or attainable.

The study included 504 adult participants recruited online. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and completed a “Scenario Task” involving 14 everyday situations that posed an approach-avoidance dilemma. An approach-avoidance dilemma is a psychological conflict in which a single goal has both appealing and aversive features, creating inner tension about whether to engage.

In the experimental group, scenarios included information about the long-term consequences of each decision, embedded within other details. In the control group, the same scenarios omitted this future-oriented information. After reading each scenario, participants rated how likely they would be to engage in approach behaviors—i.e., taking action toward the described goal.

Participants also completed a series of validated questionnaires assessing depressive and anxiety symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire–8 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7), social anxiety (Social Phobia Scale), optimism (Revised Life Orientation Test), behavioral activation (Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale), and traits such as anhedonia, non-perseverance, and non-planfulness (Comprehensive Assessment of Traits Related to Personality Disorder).

Results showed that participants in the experimental group—those exposed to information about long-term consequences—were significantly more likely to choose approach behaviors than those in the control group. This suggests that making future outcomes salient can increase goal-directed behavior.

Importantly, individual differences influenced this effect. Participants with lower levels of anxiety, and those higher in behavioral activation, perseverance, and optimism, showed greater sensitivity to long-term consequences. In other words, they were more likely to choose the approach behavior when future consequences were made explicit. By contrast, depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and non-planfulness did not significantly moderate responses to future-oriented information.

“Our study found that individual differences in sensitivity to future consequences are associated with greater anxious symptomatology and non-perseverance and lower levels of behavioral activation,” the study authors concluded.

The study sheds light on the psychological characteristics associated with sensitivity to long-term consequences. However, it should be noted that the exploration of sensitivity to long-term consequences in this study was completely based on self-reports and fictional scenarios. Results using more objective measures and real-world scenarios might not yield equal results.

The paper, “An experimental investigation of individual differences in sensitivity to future consequences: Depression, anxiety, and personality,” was authored by Xinyao Ma and John E. Roberts.