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New Swinburne research published in the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society is challenging the long-held belief that all ultra-processed foods are bad for you.
While snacks and soft drinks show consistently bad health outcomes, products like whole-grain fortified cereals and certain dairy products contain neutral or potentially beneficial effects.
Study author Swinburne Discipline Lead of Dietetics Associate Professor Jimmy Louie says the question “Are ultra-processed foods bad?” requires a more nuanced answer than a simple yes or no.
“Headlines make it sound like all ultra-processed foods are bad, but the truth is more complicated. Some can offer real nutritional value and fit comfortably into a healthy diet.
“That kind of oversimplification can mislead the public and distract from the most pressing dietary risks.”
Associate Professor Louie explains that the health implications of food depend on the context of their consumption within overall dietary patterns.
“Ultra-processed products often provide cost-effective sources of essential nutrients for economically disadvantaged populations and can contribute to reduced food waste through extended shelf-life capabilities.
“Not everyone can live on only minimally processed foods. Nutritionally sound processed foods can be a healthy, practical choice.”
The study reviewed the Nova system, which categorizes foods into four groups based on their level of processing, from fresh or minimally processed items to ultra-processed products. The widely used system is controversial because of how it defines and labels processed versus ultra-processed foods.
Associate Professor Louie is calling for a system that looks at both processing and nutrition, so people get clearer, fairer guidance.
“While the classification of foods based on processing has made valuable contributions to our understanding of health, it fails to capture important distinctions in nutritional quality, processing methods, and health implications.
“People deserve advice that makes that distinction. The evidence shows we can be smarter about which processed foods we avoid and which we keep.”
More information:
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie, Are all ultra-processed foods bad? A critical review of the NOVA classification system, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2025). DOI: 10.1017/S0029665125100645
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Are all ultra-processed foods bad? New research suggests not (2025, August 25)
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