• Hammad, M. A., Alyami, M. H. F. & Awed, H. S. The association between internet addiction and sleep quality among medical students in Saudi Arabia. Ann. Med. 56 (1), 2307502. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2307502 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, Z., Lin, S., Zhang, K., Lin, Y. & Zhang, Y. The bidirectional impact of internet addiction on sleep quality: A vicious circle? MedScien 1 (1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.61173/2gdnky58 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pontes, H. M., Kuss, D. J. & Griffiths, M. D. Clinical psychology of internet addiction: a review of its conceptualization, prevalence, neuronal processes, and implications for treatment. Neurosci. Neuroecon. 4, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.2147/NAN.S60982 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Spada, M. M. An overview of problematic internet use. Addict. Behav. 39 (1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.007 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaya, F., Rosell, J., Odacı, H., Vergés, A. & Türkkan, T. Internet addiction among Turkish adults: the role of motives for internet use. Psychol. Rep. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941251340331 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kuss, D. J., van Rooij, A. J., Shorter, G. W., Griffiths, M. D. & van de Mheen, D. Internet addiction in adolescents: prevalence and risk factors. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29 (5), 1987–1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.002 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaess, M. et al. Pathological internet use is on the rise among European adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health. 59 (2), 236–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.04.009 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Laconi, S., Rodgers, R. F. & Chabrol, H. The measurement of internet addiction: a critical review of existing scales and their psychometric properties. Comput. Hum. Behav. 41, 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.026 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim, H. K. & Davis, K. E. Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic internet use: evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of internet activities. Comput. Hum. Behav. 25, 490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.11.001 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Statista Internet usage worldwide [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/topics/1145/internet-usage-worldwide/

  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). Household Information Technologies (IT) Usage Survey. Ankara: TURKSTAT; 2025 [cited 2025 Aug 12]. (2024). [Internet] Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53492

  • Caplan, S. E. Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive-behavioral measurement instrument. Comput. Hum. Behav. 18 (5), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00004-3 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Measuring digital development: Facts and Figs. 2021 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2021.pdf

  • Dermani, H. & Perdikaris, P. Internet addiction and psychological impact on adolescents: A scoping review. Int. J. Biol. Pharm. Sci. Arch. 4 (2), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2022.4.2.0096 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Neumann, I. & Lindenberg, K. Internetnutzungsstörungen unter Deutschen Jugendlichen Vor und während der COVID-19 pandemie. Kindh Entwickl. 31 (4), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403/a000390 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Olson, J. A. et al. Smartphone addiction is increasing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. Comput. Hum. Behav. 129, 107138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107138 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Begum, S. J., Kiranmai, K. U., Deekshitha, M. N., Rama Rao, N. V. & Rama Rao, N. Investigating the interplay between sleep quality and internet addiction utilizing PSQI and IAT scores. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 27 (3s), 4386–4391. https://doi.org/10.53555/AJBR.v27i3S.3167 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fantaw, C. The relationship between internet addiction and psychological wellbeing among addis Ababa university main campus students. Prim. Health Care. 11 (1), 363. https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-1079.21.11.363 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Young, K. S. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1 (3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.23 (1998).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bülbül, K., Türkkan, T., Meriç, Ç. S. & Yılmaz, H. Ö. The mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between internet addiction and eating disorders: a study on high school adolescents. Pamukkale Univ. J. Educ. 64, 167–195. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1447226 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gedik, S., Şimşek, H. & İnce, T. Relationship between internet addiction and obesity among high school students. J. DEU Med. 35 (3), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.5505/deutfd.2021.55822 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Odacı, H. & Kalkan, M. Problematic internet use, loneliness and dating anxiety among young adult university students. Comput. Educ. 55 (3), 1091–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.006 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Odacı, H. & Çikrıkci, Ö. Problematic internet use in terms of gender, attachment styles and subjective well-being in university students. Comput. Hum. Behav. 32, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.019 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim, K. et al. Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: A questionnaire survey. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 43 (2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bernardi, S. & Pallanti, S. Internet addiction: a descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms. Compr. Psychiatry. 50 (6), 510–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.011 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., Tang, T. C. & Ko, C. H. The association between adult ADHD symptoms and internet addiction among college students: the gender difference. Cyberpsychol Behav. 12 (2), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0113 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lee, M. S., Oh, E. Y., Cho, S. M., Hong, M. J. & Moon, J. S. An assessment of adolescent Internet addiction problems related to depression, social anxiety and peer relationship. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. ;40(4):616 – 28. (2001). Available from: https://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=2364333

  • Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S. & Chen, C. C. The association between internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. Eur. Psychiatry. 27 (1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.011 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. & Wilson, K. G. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: the Process and Practice of Mindful Change 2nd edn (Guilford Press, 2012).

  • Harris, R. ACT Made Simple: an easy-to-read Primer on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (New Harbinger, 2009).

  • Harris, R. ACT’i Kolay Öğrenmek. Karatepe HT, Translator (Litera Yayıncılık, 2016).

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life (Hyperion, 1994).

  • Uzun, B. En Uzun Yollar Tek Bir Adımla Başlar (İnkılap Kitabevi, 2020).

  • Carmody, J. Eastern and Western approaches to mindfulness: similarities, differences, and clinical implications. In The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness (eds Ie, A. et al.) 48–57 (Wiley Blackwell, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895.ch3.

    Chapter 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., Creswell, J. D. & Mindfulness Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychol. Inq. 18 (4), 211–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fulton, P. R. & Siegel, R. D. Buddhist and Western psychology: seeking common ground. In Mindfulness and Psychotherapy 2nd edn (eds Germer, C. K. et al.) 36–56 (Guilford Press, 2013).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life (Hachette Books, 2009).

  • Kaya, F. & Odacı, H. Subjective well-being: self-forgiveness, coping self-efficacy, mindfulness, and the role of resilience? Br. J. Guid Couns. 52 (4), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2024.2350400 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84 (4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Song, W. J. & Park, J. W. The influence of stress on internet addiction: mediating effects of self-control and mindfulness. Int. J. Ment Health Addict. 17, 1063–1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-0051-9 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jung, K. C. The influence of a middle school student’s mindfulness on an internet addiction: a mediation effects of self-regulation [master’s thesis]. Seoul (Korea): Seoul University of Buddhism; (2014).

  • Jung, E. S. & Son, C. N. Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on internet addiction level, anxiety, and stress in college students with internet addiction. Korean J. Clin. Psychol. 30 (4), 825–846 (2011).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim, S. J. The development and verification of mindfulness-based self-regulation program for internet craving [doctoral thesis]. Daejeon (Korea): Chungnam National University; (2012).

  • Spiro, R. J. & Jehng, J. C. Cognitive flexibility and hypertext: theory and technology for the nonlinear and multidimensional traversal of complex subject matter. In Cognition, Education, and Multimedia: Exploring Ideas in High Technology (eds Nix, D. & Spiro, R. J.) 163–205 (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Dennis, J. P. & Vander Wal, J. S. The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognit Ther. Res. 34 (3), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Asıcı, E. & İkiz, F. E. Mutluluğa giden bir yol: Bilişsel esneklik. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Univ J Educ Fac. ;35:191–211. (2015). Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maeuefd/issue/19408/206375

  • Teasdale, J. D. et al. How does cognitive therapy prevent relapse in residual depression? Evidence from a controlled trial. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 69 (3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.347 (2001).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cañas, J., Quesada, J., Antolí, A. & Fajardo, I. Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics 46 (5), 482–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013031000061640 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Silver, J. A., Hughes, J. D., Bornstein, R. A. & Beversdorf, D. A. Effect of anxiolytics on cognitive flexibility in problem solving. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 17, 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnn.0000119240.65522.d9 (2004).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ciarrochi, J., Bilich, L. & Godsel, C. Psychological flexibility as a mechanism of change in acceptance and commitment therapy. In Assessing Mindfulness and acceptance—Illuminating the Processes of Change (ed. Baer, R. A.) 51–75 (New Harbinger, 2010).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Cekic, A., Oz, T. A., Yilmaz, U. & Yildirim, A. The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between social media addiction and mental well-being in young adults. Int. J. Prog Educ. 20 (3), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2024.664.3 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gürpinar, A. C. & Ikiz, F. E. The investigation of mindfulness, cognitive flexibility and mental symptoms of teacher trainess. Int. J. Prog Educ. 18 (2), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.431.18 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tong, K. et al. The development of cognitive flexibility and its implications for mental health disorders. Psychol. Med. 54 (12), 3203–3209. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001508 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A. & Lillis, J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav. Res. Ther. 44 (1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Malkoç, A. & Mutlu, A. Mediating the effect of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between psychological well-being and self-confidence: A study on Turkish university students. Int. J. High. Educ. 8 (6), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v8n6p278 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Erdem, A. The mediating role of coping with stress in problematic internet use and cognitive flexibility relation. Ahmet Kelesoglu Educ Fac J. ;4(2):314 – 27. (2022). Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akef/issue/72486/1179681

  • Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D. & Ryff, C. D. Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82, 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ryff, C. D. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 (1989).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Özen, Y. Kişisel sorumluluk bağlamında öznel ve psikolojik iyi oluş (Sosyal psikolojik bir değerlendirme). Dicle Univ Soc Sci Inst J. ;2(4):46–58. (2010). Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/diclesosbed/issue/61611/920111

  • Roothman, B., Kirsten, D. K. & Wissing, M. P. Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. S Afr. J. Psychol. 33, 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630303300403 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Huppert, F. A. Psychological well-being: evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Appl. Psychol. Health Well Being. 1 (2), 137–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x (2009).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Uz-Baş, A., Soysal, F. & Aysan, F. Üniversite öğrencilerinde problemli internet Kullanımının Psikolojik iyi-oluş ve Sosyal Destek Ile Ilişkisi. J. Hum. Soc. Sci. Res. 5 (4), 1035–1046. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.85603 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bondarchuk, O., Balakhtar, V., Pinchuk, N., Pustovalov, I. & Pavlenok, K. Adaptation of coping strategies to reduce the impact of stress and loneliness on the psychological well-being of adults. J. Law Sustain. Dev. 10 (11), e1852. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i10.1852 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Waldeck, D., Pancani, L., Holliman, A., Karekla, M. & Tyndall, I. Adaptability and psychological flexibility: overlapping constructs? J. Contextual Behav. Sci. 19, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.01.002 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B. & Nielsen, G. H. The impact of group-based mindfulness training on self-reported mindfulness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness 6 (3), 501–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0283-5 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kiye, S. & Çiçek Habeş, E. The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and psychological well-being. Inonu Univ. J. Fac. Educ. 25 (3), 1292–1310. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1481952 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Syihab, A., Rani, D. & Paramita, A. D. Hubungan Antara psychological well-being Dan problematic internet use Pada emerging adult. Anfusina J. Psychol. 3 (1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajp.v3i1.6116 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arnett, J. J. Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am. Psychol. 55 (5), 469–480 (2000).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Balkin, R. S. & Sheperis, C. J. Evaluating and reporting statistical power in counseling research. J. Couns. Dev. 89 (3), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00088.x (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. & Lang, A. G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav. Res. Methods. 41 (4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ceyhan, E., Ceyhan, A. A. & Gürcan, A. Problemli internet Kullanımı ölçeği’nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları. Educ. Sci. Theory Pract. 7 (1), 387–416 (2007).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş. & Deniz, M. E. Adaptation of the Mindfulness Scale into Turkish: A study. Educ Sci. ;36(160):226-7. (2011). Available from: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/697/271

  • Gülüm, İ. V. & Dağ, İ. Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme ölçeği ve bilişsel Esneklik envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatol. J. Psychiatry. 13 (3), 216–223 (2012).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Diener, E. et al. New measures of wellbeing. Soc. Indic. Res. Ser. 39 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12 (2009).

  • Diener, E. et al. New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Soc. Indic. Res. 97 (2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Telef, B. B. Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Univ J Educ. ;28(3):374 – 84. (2013). Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/87222

  • Field, A. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS 4th edn (Sage, 2013).

  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. Using Multivariate Statistics 6th edn (Pearson Education Limited, 2014).

  • George, D. & Mallery, P. IBM SPSS Statistics 25 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 15th edn (Routledge, 2019).

  • Durbin, J. & Watson, G. S. Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression: I. Biometrika 37 (3–4), 409–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/37.3-4.409 (1950).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. Multivariate Data Analysis (Cengage, 2019).

  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. PLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet. J. Mark. Theory Pract. 19 (2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cook, R. D. Detection of influential observations in linear regression. Technometrics 19, 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1977.10489493 (1977).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cook, R. D. & Weisberg, S. Residuals and Influence in Regression (Chapman & Hall, 1982).

  • Hayes, A. F. Introduction To Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A regression-based Approach (Guilford Press, 2013).

  • MacKinnon, D. P. Introduction To Statistical Mediation Analysis (Erlbaum, 2008).

  • Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods. 40, 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Preacher, K. J. & Kelley, K. Effect size measures for mediation models: quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychol. Methods. 16 (2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 10 (2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Desrosiers, A., Vine, V., Klemanski, D. H. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. Mindfulness and emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: common and distinct mechanisms of action. Depress. Anxiety. 30, 654–661. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22124 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E. & Lyubomirsky, S. Rethinking rumination. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3, 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gámez-Guadix, M. & Calvete, E. Assessing the relationship between mindful awareness and problematic internet use among adolescents. Mindfulness 7 (6), 1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0566-0 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Calvete, E., Gámez-Guadix, M. & Cortazar, N. Mindfulness facets and problematic internet use: A six-month longitudinal study. Addict. Behav. 72, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.018 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peker, A., Nebioğlu, M. & Ödemiş, M. H. Addiction in a virtual environment: A model test for the mediation role of mindfulness. Anatol. J. Psychiatry. 20 (2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.301945 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Samanta, P. et al. Mindfulness as a path to freedom from internet addiction in adolescents: A narrative review. Cureus 16 (10), e72544. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.72544 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ahmadi, M., Nikomanesh, Z. & Farnam, A. Effectiveness of stress-based mindfulness therapy on the students’ feelings of loneliness and internet addiction. Pajouhan Sci. J. 19 (4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.61186/psj.19.4.1 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fendel, J. C., Vogt, A., Brandtner, A. & Schmidt, S. Mindfulness programs for problematic usage of the internet: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Behav. Addict. 13 (2), 327–353. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2024.00024 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brandtner, A. et al. A preregistered, systematic review considering mindfulness-based interventions and neurofeedback for targeting affective and cognitive processes in behavioral addictions. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 29 (4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/cps0000075 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sancho, M. et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of substance and behavioral addictions: A systematic review. Front. Psychiatry. 9, 95. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00095 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Firouzkouhi Berenjabadi, M., Pourhosein, M. & Ghasemi Argene, M. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on interpersonal difficulties and internet addiction among high school students. J. Appl. Psychol. Res. 12 (2), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.22059/japr.2021.310151.643639 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W. & Griffiths, M. D. Mindfulness in psychology—A breath of fresh air? Psychologist 28 (1), 28–31 (2015).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Sinha, N. K., Kumar, P., Kumar, S. & Priyadarshi, P. Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being: role of mindfulness mediated by self-control and negative affect. IIM Kozhikode Soc. Manag Rev. 10 (1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975220965346 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., O’Brien, K. D. & Armour, C. Distress tolerance and mindfulness mediate relations between depression and anxiety sensitivity with problematic smartphone use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 84, 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.026 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Caplan, S. E. Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use: A two-step approach. Comput. Hum. Behav. 26 (5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Karakuş, İ. University students’ cognitive flexibility and critical thinking dispositions. Front. Psychol. 15, 1420272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1420272 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peker Akman, T. & Demir, M. Üniversite öğrencilerinin Bilinçli Farkındalıkları Ile bilişsel esneklikleri Arasındaki Ilişki. Life Skills J. Psychol. 5 (9), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.879554 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Beyazıt, U., Kurtoğlu Karataş, B. & Bütün Ayhan, A. Cognitive flexibility and Mindfulness in middle childhood: the serial multiple mediation of theory of Mind. J. Exp. Child. Psychol. 25, 106192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106192 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moore, A. & Malinowski, P. Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious. Cogn. 18 (1), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sinnott, J., Hilton, S., Wood, M. & Douglas, D. Relating flow, mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, and postformal thought: two studies. J. Adult Dev. 27 (1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9320-2 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zou, Y., Li, P., Hofmann, S. G. & Liu, X. The mediating role of non-reactivity to mindfulness training and cognitive flexibility: A randomized controlled trial. Front. Psychol. 11, 1053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01053 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaymaz, E. & Şakiroğlu, M. Bilinçli Farkındalık ve bilişsel Esnekliğin problemli Akıllı Telefon Kullanımı Üzerindeki etkisi: Öz-kontrolün Aracı Rolü. Uludağ Univ. Fac. Arts Sci. J. Soc. Sci. 21 (38), 79–108. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.600325 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tatlıoğlu, K. & Deniz, M. E. Farklı öz-anlayış Düzeylerine Sahip Üniversite öğrencilerinin Karar Vermede öz-saygı, Karar Verme Stilleri ve Kişilik Özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Bingol Univ. J. Soc. Sci. Inst. 1 (2), 19–25 (2011).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Jimenez, S. S., Niles, B. L. & Park, C. L. A mindfulness model of affect regulation and depressive symptoms: positive emotions, mood regulation expectancies, and self-acceptance as regulatory mechanisms. Pers. Individ Dif. 49 (6), 645–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.041 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Davidson, R. J. et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom. Med. 65 (4), 564–570. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000077505.67574.E3 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fredrickson, B. L. & Joiner, T. Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychol. Sci. 13 (2), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Deniz, M. E., Erus, S. M. & Büyükcebeci, A. Bilinçli Farkındalık ve Psikolojik Iyi Oluş Ilişkisinde duygusal Zekanın Aracı Rolü. Turk. Psychol. Couns. Guid J. 7 (47), 17–31 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Hamarta, E., Özyeşil, Z., Deniz, M. E. & Dilmaç, B. The prediction level of mindfulness and locus of control on subjective well-being. Int. J. Acad. Res. 5 (2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-2/B.22 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carmody, J. & Baer, R. A. How long does a mindfulness-based stress reduction program need to be? A review of class contact hours and effect sizes for psychological distress. J. Clin. Psychol. 65 (6), 627–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20555 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pinquart, M. & Teubert, D. A meta-analytic study of couple interventions during the transition to parenthood. Fam Relat. 59 (3), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00597.x (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bränström, R., Kvillemo, P., Brandberg, Y. & Moskowitz, J. T. Self-report mindfulness as a mediator of psychological well-being in a stress reduction intervention for cancer patients: A randomized study. Ann. Behav. Med. 39 (2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9168-6 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cusens, B., Duggan, G. B., Thorne, K. & Burch, V. Evaluation of the breathworks mindfulness based pain management programme: effects on well being and multiple measures of mindfulness. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 17 (1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.653 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nyklíček, I. & Kuijpers, K. F. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism? Ann. Behav. Med. 35 (3), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-008-9030-2 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baroni, D., Nerini, A., Matera, C. & Stefanile, C. Mindfulness and emotional distress: the mediating role of psychological well-being. Curr. Psychol. 37, 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9524-1 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Irak, D. U., Dede, B. & Demir, N. Mindfulness during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: intolerance uncertainty and psychological well-being among employees. SAGE Open. 14 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251478 (2024).

  • Iani, L., Lauriola, M., Cafaro, V. & Didonna, F. Dimensions of mindfulness and their relations with psychological well-being and neuroticism. Mindfulness 8, 664–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0645-2 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chang, J. H., Huang, C. L. & Lin, Y. C. Mindfulness, basic psychological needs fulfillment, and well-being. J. Happiness Stud. 16, 1149–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9551-2 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ho, C. Y., Ben, C. L. & Mak, W. W. Nonattachment mediates the associations between mindfulness, well-being, and psychological distress: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 95, 102175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102175 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Falkenström, F. Studying mindfulness in experienced mediators: A quasi-experimental approach. Pers. Individ Dif. 48, 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.022 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Howell, A. J., Digdon, N. L., Buro, K. & Sheptycki, A. R. Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep. Pers. Individ Dif. 45 (8), 773–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.005 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cırcır, O. & Tagay, Ö. The relationships between cognitive flexibility, perfectionism, optimism, self-compassion and psychological well-being: A mixed study. Curr. Psychol. 43 (22), 19830–19846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05775-2 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Demirezen, S. & Ötken, Ş. The investigation of the mediator role of life satisfaction in the relationship between pre-service teachers’ cognitive flexibility and psychological well-being. JETT 13 (5), 452–463 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Fu, F. & Chow, A. Traumatic exposure and psychological well-being: the moderating role of cognitive flexibility. J. Loss Trauma. 22 (1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2016.1161428 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu, C., Chen, H., Xu, W., Dai, S. & Lin, S. The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in home–school co-education and psychological well-being among Chinese vocational college students. Front. Psychol. 15, 1422845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1422845 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yousefi Afrashteh, M. & Hasani, F. Mindfulness and psychological well-being in adolescents: the mediating role of self-compassion, emotional dysregulation and cognitive flexibility. Borderline Personal Disord Emot. Dysregul. 9 (1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-022-00192-y (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bernal Ruiz, C., Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., González-Calatayud, V. & Rosa-Alcázar, E. Is there a relationship between problematic internet use and responses of social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and psychological well-being among adolescents? Anales Psicol. 33 (2), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.265831 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Caplan, S., Williams, D. & Yee, N. Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Comput. Hum. Behav. 25 (6), 1312–1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.006 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Casale, S., Lecchi, S. & Fioravanti, G. The association between psychological well-being and problematic use of internet communicative services among young people. J. Psychol. 149 (5), 480–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2014.905432 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dalton, F. & Cassidy, T. Problematic internet usage, personality, loneliness, and psychological well-being in emerging adulthood. Anal. Soc. Issues Public. Policy. 21 (1), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12224 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Habibi, F., Choolabi, R. H. & Abadi, Z. A. N. Adolescents’ problematic internet use and psychological well-being: the mediating role of sleep quality and self-regulation. Int. J. Emot. Educ. 16 (1), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.56300/CONT8301 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kumar, K., Goel, K. & Mehra, A. Internet addiction and its association with demographic variables, depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being in college students. Ann. Neurosci. 31 (1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531231171979 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ahmad, S., Nasreen, L. & Aiman, M. Shyness and psychological well-being as predictors of problematic internet use among students in Pakistan. Psicol. Conoc Soc. 10 (3), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.26864/pcs.v10.n3.1 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hwang, J. & Toma, C. L. The role of mental well-being and perceived parental supportiveness in adolescents’ problematic internet use: moderation analysis. JMIR Ment Health. 8 (9), e26203. https://doi.org/10.2196/26203 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Worsley, J. D., Mansfield, R. & Corcoran, R. Attachment anxiety and problematic social media use: the mediating role of well-being. Cyberpsychol Behav. Soc. Netw. 21 (9), 563–568. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0555 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arayici, M. E., Gultekin Arayici, S., Erkin Geyiktepe, O. & Simsek, H. Assessment of the relationship between internet addiction, psychological well-being, and sleep quality: A cross-sectional study involving adult population. Behav. Sci. 15 (3), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030344 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mei, S., Yau, Y. H., Chai, J., Guo, J. & Potenza, M. N. Problematic internet use, well-being, self-esteem and self-control: data from a high-school survey in China. Addict. Behav. 61, 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.009 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • O’Brien, O., Sumich, A., Baguley, T. & Kuss, D. J. A partial correlation network indicates links between wellbeing, loneliness, FOMO and problematic internet use in university students. Behav. Inf. Technol. 42 (16), 2717–2734. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2142845 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Olenik-Shemesh, D., Heiman, T. & Wright, M. F. Problematic use of the internet and well-being among youth from a global perspective: A mediated-moderated model of socio-emotional factors. J. Genet. Psychol. 185 (2), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2023.2277319 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sharma, A. & Sharma, R. Internet addiction and psychological well-being among college students: A cross-sectional study from central India. J. Family Med. Prim. Care. 7 (1), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_189_17 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Şenyiğit, A. & Kıran, B. Investigation of problematic internet use according to cognitive flexibility levels of high school students. Int. J. Eurasia Soc. Sci. 10 (35), 367–384 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Gunduz, B. The contributions of attachment styles, irrational beliefs and psychological symptoms to the prediction of cognitive flexibility. Educ. Sci. Theory Pract. 13 (4), 2079–2085. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.4.1702 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tingaz, E. O. The mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between the cognitive flexibility and irrational performance beliefs of university student-athletes. Curr. Psychol. 39 (4), 1208–1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00891-1 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Davis, R. A. A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 17, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8 (2001).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wallace, B. A. & Shapiro, S. L. Mental balance and well-being: Building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. Am. Psychol. 61 (7), 690–701. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.690 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar