Vladimir Putin<\/a> urged the government to \u201cstifle\u201d foreign internet services and ordered officials to assemble a list of platforms from \u201cunfriendly\u201d states that should be restricted. <\/p>\nExperts and rights advocates told The Associated Press that the scale and effectiveness of the restrictions are alarming. Authorities seem more adept at it now, compared with previous, largely futile efforts to restrict online activities, and they’re edging closer to isolating the internet in Russia.<\/p>\n
Human Rights Watch researcher Anastasiia Kruope describes Moscow\u2019s approach to reining in the internet as \u201cdeath by a thousand cuts.” <\/p>\n
“Bit by bit, you\u2019re trying to come to a point where everything is controlled.\u201d<\/p>\n
Censorship after 2011-12 protests <\/p>\n
Kremlin efforts to control what Russians do, read or say online dates to 2011-12, when the internet was used to challenge authority. Independent media outlets bloomed, and anti-government demonstrations that were coordinated online erupted after disputed parliamentary elections and Putin\u2019s decision to run again for president.<\/p>\n
Russia began adopting regulations tightening internet controls. Some blocked websites; others required providers to store call records and messages, sharing it with security services if needed, and install equipment allowing authorities to control and cut off traffic.<\/p>\n
Companies like Google or Facebook were pressured to store user data on Russian servers, to no avail, and plans were announced for a \u201csovereign internet\u201d that could be cut off from the rest of the world. <\/p>\n
Russia\u2019s popular Facebook-like social media platform VK, founded by Pavel Durov long before he launched the Telegram messenger, came under the control of Kremlin-friendly companies. Russia tried to block Telegram between 2018-20 but failed.<\/p>\n
Prosecutions for social media posts and comments became common, showing that authorities were closely watching the online space. <\/p>\n
Still, experts had dismissed Kremlin efforts to rein in the internet as futile, arguing Russia was far from building something akin to China\u2019s \u201cGreat Firewall,\u201d which Beijing uses to block foreign websites. <\/p>\n
Ukraine invasion triggers crackdown <\/p>\n
After Russia\u2019s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the government blocked major social media like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, as well as Signal and a few other messaging apps. VPNs also were targeted, making it harder to reach restricted websites. <\/p>\n
YouTube access was disrupted last summer in what experts called deliberate throttling by authorities. The Kremlin blamed YouTube owner Google for not maintaining its hardware in Russia. The platform has been wildly popular in Russia, both for entertainment and for voices critical of the Kremlin, like the late opposition leader Alexei Navalny. <\/p>\n
Cloudflare, an internet infrastructure provider, said in June that websites using its services were being throttled in Russia. Independent news site Mediazona reported that several other popular Western hosting providers also are being inhibited.<\/p>\n
Cyber lawyer Sarkis Darbinyan, founder of Russian internet freedom group Roskomsvoboda, said authorities have been trying to push businesses to migrate to Russian hosting providers that can be controlled. <\/p>\n
He estimates about half of all Russian websites are powered by foreign hosting and infrastructure providers, many offering better quality and price than domestic equivalents. A \u201chuge number\u201d of global websites and platforms use those providers, he said, so cutting them off means those websites \u201cautomatically become inaccessible\u201d in Russia too.<\/p>\n
Another concerning trend is the consolidation of Russia\u2019s internet providers and companies that manage IP addresses, according to a July 30 Human Rights Watch report.<\/p>\n
Last year, authorities raised the cost of obtaining an internet provider license from 7,500 rubles (about $90) to 1 million rubles (over $12,300), and state data shows that more than half of all IP addresses in Russia are managed by seven large companies, with Rostelecom, Russia\u2019s state telephone and internet giant, accounting for 25%.<\/p>\n
The Kremlin is striving \u201cto control the internet space in Russia, and to censor things, to manipulate the traffic,\u201d said HRW’s Kruope.<\/p>\n
Criminalizing \u2018extremist\u2019 searches <\/p>\n
A new Russian law criminalized online searches for broadly defined \u201cextremist\u201d materials. That could include LGBTQ+ content, opposition groups, some songs by performers critical of the Kremlin \u2014 and Navalny’s memoir, which was designated as extremist last week. <\/p>\n
Right advocates say it’s a step toward punishing consumers \u2014 not just providers \u2014 like in Belarus, where people are routinely fined or jailed for reading or following certain independent media outlets. <\/p>\n
Stanislav Seleznev, cyber security expert and lawyer with the Net Freedom rights group, doesn\u2019t expect ubiquitous prosecutions, since tracking individual online searches in a country of 146 million remains a tall order. But even a limited number of cases could scare many from restricted content, he said.<\/p>\n
Another major step could be blocking WhatsApp, which monitoring service Mediascope said had over 97 million monthly users in April.<\/p>\n
WhatsApp \u201cshould prepare to leave the Russian market,\u201d said lawmaker Anton Gorelkin, and a new \u201cnational\u201d messenger, MAX, developed by social media company VK, would take its place. Telegram, another popular messenger, probably won’t be restricted, he said.<\/p>\n
MAX, promoted as a one-stop shop for messaging, online government services, making payments and more, was rolled out for beta tests but has yet to attract a wide following. Over 2 million people registered by July, the Tass news agency reported. <\/p>\n
Its terms and conditions say it will share user data with authorities upon request, and a new law stipulates its preinstallation in all smartphones sold in Russia. State institutions, officials and businesses are actively encouraged to move communications and blogs to MAX.<\/p>\n
Anastasia Zhyrmont of the Access Now internet freedom group said both Telegram and WhatsApp were disrupted in Russia in July in what could be a test of how potential blockages would affect internet infrastructure. <\/p>\n
It wouldn\u2019t be uncommon. In recent years, authorities regularly tested cutting off the internet from the rest of the world, sometimes resulting in outages in some regions. <\/p>\n
Darbinyan believes the only way to make people use MAX is to \u201cshut down, stifle\u201d every Western alternative. \u201cBut again, habits … do not change in a year or two. And these habits acquired over decades, when the internet was fast and free,\u201d he said. <\/p>\n
Government media and internet regulator Roskomnadzor uses more sophisticated methods, analyzing all web traffic and identifying what it can block or choke off, Darbinyan said.<\/p>\n
It’s been helped by \u201cyears of perfecting the technology, years of taking over and understanding the architecture of the internet and the players,\u201d as well as Western sanctions and companies leaving the Russian market since 2022, said Kruope of Human Rights Watch.<\/p>\n
Russia is \u201cnot there yet\u201d in isolating its internet from the rest of the world, Darbinyan said, but Kremlin efforts are \u201cbringing it closer.\u201d <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Your support helps us to tell the story From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":319068,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3161],"tags":[3082,53,16,15],"class_list":{"0":"post-319067","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-internet","8":"tag-internet","9":"tag-technology","10":"tag-uk","11":"tag-united-kingdom"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@uk\/114974636309740154","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/319067","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=319067"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/319067\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/319068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=319067"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=319067"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=319067"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}