<\/p>\n
Preliminary Examination: <\/b>Current events of national and international importance.<\/p>\n
Main Examination: General Studies II: <\/b>Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India\u2019s interests.<\/p>\n
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What\u2019s the ongoing story: <\/b>The Department of Posts, under the Ministry of Communications, on Saturday decided to temporarily suspend the booking of all types of US-bound postal articles with effect from August 25, except letters, documents and gift items up to $100 in value, an official statement said.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Key Points to Ponder:<\/b><\/p>\n
\u2014 What are tariffs? Why are tariffs imposed?<\/p>\n
\u2014 How are tariffs retaliated?<\/p>\n
\u2014 Why the U.S. imposition of a 25% tariff plus penalty against India represents a significant departure from prior U.S. trade strategy regarding tariff differentials.<\/p>\n
\u2014 What are India\u2019s import and export trends with regard to US?<\/p>\n
\u2014 What can be the implications of the higher tariff imposed by the US on India?<\/p>\n
\u2014 Read about the India-US trade deal talks.\u00a0<\/p>\n
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\u2014 What strategies is India using to navigate potential trade negotiations with the U.S.?<\/p>\n
\u2014 What is fentanyl?<\/p>\n
Key Takeaways:<\/b><\/p>\n
\u2014 This comes after the US, on July 30, withdrew the duty-free de minimis exemption for goods valued up to $800 from August 29. This means that all international postal items destined for the US, regardless of their value, will be subject to customs duties under the US tariff framework.<\/p>\n
\u2014 \u201cThe Department of Posts is closely monitoring the evolving situation in coordination with all stakeholders, and every effort is being made to normalise services at the earliest possible opportunity,\u201d the Ministry of Communications said.<\/p>\n
\u2014 As per the White House, the de minimis exemption has been \u201cabused\u201d, with shippers sending illicit fentanyl and other synthetic opioids, precursors and paraphernalia into the US \u201cin reliance on the lower security measures applied to de minimis shipments, killing Americans\u201d.<\/p>\n
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\u2014 New Delhi<\/a>-based think tank, the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), said the suspension underscores the immediate fallout of Washington\u2019s new trade measures, which are expected to disrupt global e-commerce and hit exporters in India and other countries that depended on small-value, duty-free shipping.<\/p>\n \u2014 Under the new regime, all inbound parcels will attract tariffs. GTRI explained that international postal shipments will remain duty-free until the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) establishes a new entry process and publishes it.<\/p>\n \u2014 However, as US systems to implement these changes are not yet fully in place, there is uncertainty over how much duty will be charged on shipments arriving after August 29. As a precaution, India Post has announced it will halt most mail to the US starting August 25, citing carriers\u2019 inability to process parcels under the new rules, GTRI said.<\/p>\n Do You Know:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 Tariffs are taxes or duties imposed by a government on imported goods and services. Their objective is to make foreign products more expensive compared to domestically produced goods, thereby encouraging consumers to prefer local products. Tariffs also act as a protective measure for domestic industries against foreign competition. Additionally, they serve as a source of revenue for the government.<\/p>\n Story continues below this ad<\/p>\n \u2014 US President Donald Trump<\/a>\u2019s announcement of a 25 per cent tariff on Indian imports,<\/a> along with a penalty for procuring military equipment and energy from Russia, has key consequences.<\/p>\n \u2014 One, it puts India at a disadvantage in comparison to competitors. Two, it put the onus back on the Indian side to fast-track its negotiations for an interim deal with the US. Indications are that the outer limit for a deal, currently pegged at around October from New Delhi<\/a>\u2019s perspective, might need to be brought forward.<\/p>\n Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:<\/b><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdJaishankar hits out at US tariff, says talks on, \u2018lines not cut\u2019<\/a><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdUPSC Issue at a Glance | From Trump\u2019s reciprocal tariffs announcement to 90-day pause: Everything in between<\/a><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdBetween Scylla and Charybdis<\/a><\/p>\n UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme:<\/b><\/p>\n (1) \u00a0Consider the following statements:<\/p>\n Story continues below this ad<\/p>\n 1. Tariffs are taxes or duties imposed by a government on imported goods and services.<\/p>\n 2. Objective of tariffs is to make foreign products more expensive compared to domestically produced goods<\/p>\n Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n (a) 1 only<\/p>\n (b) 2 only<\/p>\n (c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n (d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n EXPRESS NETWORK<\/b> Syllabus:<\/b><\/p>\n Preliminary Examination: <\/b>Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.<\/p>\n Story continues below this ad<\/p>\n Mains Examination: General Studies-II: <\/b>Constitution, Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.<\/p>\n What\u2019s the ongoing story: <\/b>Chief Justice of India B R Gavai on Saturday raised how he has been criticised for his judgment on the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes for reservation, including by the people from his own community.<\/p>\n Key Points to Ponder:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 What are the constitutional provisions related to the right to equality and for the protection of SC and ST?<\/p>\n \u2014 What is the socio-economic status of SC and ST in India?<\/p>\n Story continues below this ad<\/p>\n \u2014 What are the \u2018doctrine of equality\u2019 and \u2018doctrine of classification\u2019?<\/p>\n \u2014 What is the Presidential List of Scheduled Castes?<\/p>\n \u2014 What is sub-classification\u00a0 within castes?<\/p>\n \u2014 What are the arguments for and against the sub-classification of SC, and ST?<\/p>\n \u2014 What is the debate about the \u2018creamy layer\u2019 in SC, and ST reservations?<\/p>\n \u2014 Why reservations for SC and ST were introduced?<\/p>\n Key Takeaways:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 In a landmark 6-1 majority ruling in August 2024, a seven-judge Constitution Bench held that Scheduled Castes do not constitute a socially homogeneous class and can be sub-classified by states for the purpose of providing reservation to the less privileged among them.<\/p>\n Story continues below this ad<\/p>\n \u2014 The CJI said the Article 14 of the Constitution \u201cdoes not mean that equality amongst all equals\u201d.<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cWhat is contemplated is that an unequal treatment to unequals so that they become equal, is what our Constitution promises. And therefore, by putting a child of a labourer residing in a village and a child of a chief secretary residing in Mumbai<\/a> and studying in the best of the schools and the best of facilities, my view was that it hits at the very basic concept of equality, and fortunately, my view is supported by three other Honourable judges of the SC,\u201d the CJI said.<\/p>\n Do You Know:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 Article 341 of the Constitution allows the President, through a public notification, to list as SC \u201ccastes, races or tribes\u201d that suffered from the historical injustice of untouchability. SC groups are jointly accorded 15% reservation in education and public employment.<\/p>\n \u2014 The landmark 6-1 majority ruling in August 2024 of a seven-judge Constitution Bench \u00a0overturned the apex court\u2019s 2004 decision in E V Chinnaiah v State of Andhra Pradesh, in which it had held that the SC\/ST list is a \u201chomogenous group\u201d that cannot be divided further.<\/p>\n Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:<\/b><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdExplained: Supreme Court\u2019s verdict on sub-classification of SCs and STs<\/a><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdMilestone after Mandal: Supreme Court allows new quotas within SC\/ST quota<\/a><\/p>\n Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering Similar Theme:<\/b><\/p>\n (2) Consider the following organizations\/bodies in India: (UPSC CSE 2023)<\/p>\n 1. The National Commission for Backward Classes<\/p>\n 2. The National Human Rights Commission<\/p>\n 3. The National Law Commission<\/p>\n 4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission<\/p>\n How many of the above constitutional bodies?<\/p>\n (a) Only one<\/p>\n (b) Only two<\/p>\n (c) Only three<\/p>\n (d) All four<\/p>\n Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:<\/b><\/p>\n What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs). (UPSC CSE 2017)<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n ECONOMY<\/b> Syllabus:<\/b><\/p>\n Preliminary Examination:<\/b> General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change \u2013 that do not require subject specialisation.<\/p>\n Mains Examination: General Studies-II: <\/b>Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and\/or affecting India\u2019s interests.<\/p>\n What\u2019s the ongoing story: <\/b>With the European Union (EU) offering concessions to US manufacturers on contentious climate-related trade rules such as the carbon tax and deforestation regulation, Indian negotiators plan to push for similar relief during the upcoming round of talks in Brussels next month, a senior government official told The Indian Express<\/a>.<\/p>\n Key Points to Ponder:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 Read about the EU and India-EU trade deal<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 What is the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)? Which sectors are presently covered under the EU\u2019s CBAM?<\/p>\n \u2014 What can be the potential impact of the EU\u2019s CBAM on India\u2019s exports?<\/p>\n \u2014 What is the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)?\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 What are the key challenges in India-EU trade negotiations with respect to carbon taxation and data privacy concerns?<\/p>\n \u2014 What are India\u2019s concerns regarding the EU climate regulations?<\/p>\n \u2014\u00a0 What is the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)? How does it apply to India\u2019s opposition to the EU\u2019s carbon tax?<\/p>\n Key Takeaways:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 Negotiations on the entire gamut of climate-related trade rules, particularly the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), have been among the most challenging areas in the India-EU trade deal,<\/a> as New Delhi<\/a> is concerned that EU climate regulations could erode the benefits Indian exporters receive under the trade agreement.<\/p>\n \u2014 According to the EU-US trade deal joint statement released last week, EU said: \u201cTaking note of the US concerns related to treatment of US small and medium-sized businesses under CBAM, the European Commission, in addition to the recently agreed increase of the de minimis exception, commits to work to provide additional flexibilities in the CBAM implementation.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 The carbon tax, which will ensure that imported carbon-intensive goods into the EU bear a carbon cost starting January 2026, is seen by several developing nations as discriminatory and in conflict with international environmental law. Brazil, China, India and South Africa have raised serious concerns about CBAM in World Trade Organization (WTO) forums and Russia initiated a formal dispute on May 12 this year.<\/p>\n \u2014 The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)\u00a0 makes large companies legally responsible for identifying and addressing human rights and environmental risks throughout their operations and global supply chains.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 Official trade data shows that steel and aluminium shipments to the EU have already dropped by 24.4 per cent \u2013 from $7.71 billion to $5.82 billion in FY25 compared with the previous financial year. This is concerning as Indian products are already facing 50 per cent tariffs on steel and aluminium in the US market.<\/p>\n \u2014 The EU\u2019s CBAM currently covers iron and steel, aluminium, cement, fertilisers, electricity and hydrogen. However, the provisions suggest that the list of items could be expanded, potentially raising the risk for Indian exporters. India\u2019s exports to Europe reached $98 billion during the last financial year, according to official data.<\/p>\n \u2014 Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman<\/a> and Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal<\/a> have described the CBAM as an \u201cunfair\u201d measure and a violation of the \u201ccommon but differentiated responsibilities\u201d (CBDR) principle of multilateral climate negotiations. This principle asserts that while all countries must act on climate change, their responsibilities are not equal due to differing levels of economic development.<\/p>\n Do You Know:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 The CBAM or Carbon Tax was first introduced by the European Union in 2021.\u00a0 It taxes certain products coming in from other countries based on their carbon emissions footprint in their production process. For instance, if the imported steel was produced through a process that entailed higher emissions than the emissions standards for that product in Europe, it would be taxed.<\/p>\n \u2014 CBAM allows industries in Europe to remain competitive while continuing to maintain high environmental standards. It prevents these industries from relocating their production to countries where the production might be cheap owing to less strict emission norms, a situation described as carbon leakage. In the process, it hopes to contribute to reducing global emissions.<\/p>\n \u2014\u00a0 However, it hurts the export competitiveness of developing countries such as China and India. The developing countries point out that CBAM overlooks the \u201cdifferentiation\u201d embedded in the global climate architecture that allows them to be treated differently from the developed nations.<\/p>\n Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:<\/b><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdKnowledge Nugget: What is Carbon Tax and why is it important for UPSC exam?<\/a><\/p>\n UPSC Prelims Practice and Previous year Question Covering similar theme:<\/b><\/p>\n (3) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2023)<\/p>\n Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change.<\/p>\n Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State.<\/p>\n Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/p>\n (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I<\/p>\n (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I<\/p>\n (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect<\/p>\n (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct<\/p>\n (4) With reference to Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), consider the following statements:<\/b><\/p>\n 1. It is an import duty that is imposed by the US on goods produced in other countries by processes that lead to greater carbon emissions than domestic US manufacturers are allowed to emit.<\/p>\n 2. BRICS nations have \u201ccondemned and rejected\u201d this mechanism and similar restrictive trade measures, saying they undermine their transition to a cleaner economy.<\/p>\n Which of the statements given above is\/are true?<\/p>\n (a) 1 only<\/p>\n (b) 2 only<\/p>\n (c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n (d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n Science behind road laying, drain construction offers a fix for waterlogged roads<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n Syllabus:<\/b><\/p>\n Preliminary Examination: <\/b>Current events of national importance.<\/p>\n Mains Examination: General Studies II: <\/b>Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.<\/p>\n What\u2019s the ongoing story: <\/b>Just a single bout of heavy rain exposes the big gap in the very foundational infrastructure of Delhi-NCR or any city across India \u2014 their roads and drains. In suburbs such as Gurugram, touted as a showpiece of India\u2019s economic prowess, most roads periodically turn into waterways.<\/p>\n Key Points to Ponder:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 Urbanisation and challenges associated with it- Know in detail<\/p>\n \u2014 What are the factors that lead to waterlogging in urban areas?<\/p>\n \u2014 What are the Indian Road Congress (IRC) guidelines for urban drainage?<\/p>\n \u2014 What is hydroplaning?\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 Why is coordination between local bodies and road authorities important in preventing urban waterlogging?<\/p>\n \u2014 What is the role of rainwater harvesting and\u00a0 stormwater management practices as solutions to the problem of waterlogging?<\/p>\n Key Takeaways:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 While there are many factors that lead to water logging in an area, whether the construction of the road and its drainage system was done in a scientific manner holds prime importance. Indian Road Congress (IRC), the premier technical body of highway engineers, has laid down codes and standards for road, highway and drainage construction.<\/p>\n \u2014 According to the IRC, a road drainage system must satisfy two main criteria for it to be effective throughout its design life \u2014 it must drain surface and subsurface water away from the roadway and dispose it off in a way that prevents excessive collection of water in unstable areas and subsequent downstream erosion.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 The drainage system should be designed in line with the IRC codes namely IRC:SP:42-2014 (Guidelines on Rural Drainage), IRC:SP:50-2013 (Guidelines on Urban Drainage) and IRC:SP-90-2023 (Manual for Grade Separators and Elevated Structures). In addition, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways\u2019 (MoRTH) specifications for Road and Bridges (5th Revision) under clauses 309 and 704 provide the framework for effective surface and subsurface drainage.<\/p>\n \u2014 The IRC guidelines for urban drainage, which were first published in 1999 and revised in 2013, list out a total of seven key structures and their parameters or specifications for an effective drainage system integrated with the roads and highways. These elements are:<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0Road surface drainage<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0Storm water management practices<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0Storm water drainage system and appurtenances<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0Sub surface drainage<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0Drainage of special locations<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0Rain water harvesting (RWH) in buildings<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0Drainage through pumping.<\/p>\n \u2014 Urban drainage systems, an official said referring to the IRC Code, should be designed to promote infiltration of storm water into the ground starting from street-level drains and continuing through tertiary, secondary, and primary drains. This can be achieved by redesigning existing drainage cross-sections and providing filter mediums (e.g., gravel, sand, perforated polyester fabric like geotextile) or filter beds at alternate junctions, according to the guidelines.<\/p>\n \u2014 Rainwater on flyovers should be drained through an efficient piping network (down-take pipes or pipes embedded in piers) to rainwater harvesting systems or drains, avoiding direct discharge onto the road below.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 Road construction is a complex process as it involves multiple stakeholders and clearances from many departments. The coordination between the relevant departments, especially local bodies, is necessary to get rid of the problem of waterlogging.<\/p>\n Do You Know:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 India has the second largest road network in the World of about 63.45 lakh km, comprising national highways (1.46 lakh km), expressways, state Highways (1.79 lakh km), Major District Roads, other district roads and village roads. These roads come under the jurisdiction of multiple authorities such as the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation (NHIDCL), and the Public Work Departments (PWDs), among others.<\/p>\n \u2014 Thus, the role of local authorities such as municipal corporations becomes important because they have to link the drainage along these highways and roads to the main drainage system of the city.<\/p>\n Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:<\/b><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdIndian cities have a drainage problem<\/a><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdKnowledge Nugget: World Bank report on Indian cities \u2014 why it matters for UPSC prep<\/a><\/p>\n OPINION<\/b> Syllabus:<\/b><\/p>\n Preliminary Examination: <\/b>History of India and Indian National Movement.<\/p>\n Mains Examination: <\/b>General Studies-II:<\/b> The Freedom Struggle \u2014its various stages and important contributors\/contributions from different parts of the country.<\/p>\n What\u2019s the ongoing story: Samayeta Bal writes-\u00a0 \u201c<\/b>On August 15, India celebrated its 79th Independence Day. While the freedom struggle continues to be defined by towering figures and well-documented milestones, it is equally marked by quiet, determined resistance, often led by those whose names were pushed to the margins. Among these are the women revolutionaries of Bengal, who not only confronted the British Empire but also defied the deeply entrenched patriarchy of their own society. Their legacy is not only inspirational; it is essential to our understanding of what true freedom demands.\u201d<\/p>\n Key Points to Ponder:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 Read about the women revolutionaries of India\u2019s freedom struggle.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 How did women revolutionaries challenge colonial rule and patriarchy?<\/p>\n \u2014 How literary resistance contributed to India\u2019s nationalist movement.<\/p>\n \u2014 In what ways did female revolutionaries like Savitribai Phule and Begum Rokeya challenge caste- and religion-based discrimination in education?<\/p>\n \u2014 How can the legacy of female revolutionaries inspire action to address the gender gap in education today?<\/p>\n Key Takeaways:<\/b><\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cThese women waged a battle on two fronts: Against colonial domination and social constraints. In early 20th-century Bengal, women were expected to adhere to narrow roles \u2014 their education was discouraged, early marriage and widowhood were common, and purdah kept upper-caste women confined to the domestic sphere. In this atmosphere, even joining the nationalist cause came with suspicion. Revolutionary groups like Surya Sen\u2019s initially doubted women\u2019s capacity for leadership and sacrifice.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cDespite such scepticism, they emerged as forces of resistance, often surpassing expectations. Their methods ranged from the armed and overt to the intellectual and covert. Some led attacks, some smuggled weapons, and others educated the next generation of girls quietly in their courtyards. Every act was calibrated resistance.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cPritilata Waddedar, for instance, led a daring armed assault on the European Club at Chittagong in 1932, a site infamous for its racial segregation policies. Refusing capture, she consumed cyanide and embraced martyrdom, leaving behind leaflets and letters urging Indian women to \u201cnot remain in the background. Her courage was matched by Kalpana Datta, who participated in the Chittagong armoury raid and later chronicled her experience, documenting how women were not mere auxiliaries but \u201cequal tacticians and partners\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cParallel to these overt actions ran a powerful current of literary resistance. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, whose contributions predate the armed revolutionaries, remains a towering figure in feminist and intellectual circles. Her novella Sultana\u2019s Dream envisioned a society led by women, governed by reason and peace, and freed from the shackles of both patriarchy and colonialism.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cHer writing was not utopian fantasy but a radical blueprint. She not only established schools for Muslim girls in Kolkata<\/a> but went door to door, persuading families to educate their daughters, turning quiet dialogue into a revolutionary act.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cThen, there were those who used their bodies as shields. Nanibala Devi, a widowed Brahmin woman, defied caste and gender expectations by posing as a mother, wife, servant \u2014 anything the revolution required. Arrested and tortured in Peshawar, she chose silence over betrayal. Her story, like so many others, survived not in textbooks but in\u00a0 oral histories, forgotten journals and the recollections of fellow fighters.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cThe legend of Matangini Hazra, affectionately remembered as Gandhi Buri, underscores the scope of popular resistance among women across class lines. An illiterate widow from Tamluk, she led a procession during the Quit India Movement in 1942 and was shot multiple times while holding the tricolour aloft, chanting \u201cVande Mataram\u201d till her final breath. Her death was not just an act of martyrdom; it was a national statement. It declared that freedom was not the preserve of the elite, but the rightful inheritance of every Indian soul.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cThese stories do not exist in isolation. They represent a powerful continuum of resistance that has too often been overshadowed by male-centric narratives. From Pather Dabi hidden in bags to underground journals passed in secret, and leading armed raids to enduring torture in silence, these women expanded the very definition of what it meant to be a revolutionary.\u201d<\/p>\n \u2014 \u201cAs India stands tall this Independence Day, it is time to remember these women \u2014 not as footnotes to a masculine history, but as foundational architects of freedom.\u201d<\/p>\n Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:<\/b><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdExplained: Women heroes of India\u2019s freedom struggle<\/a><\/p>\n \ud83d\udccdThe forgotten revolutionaries of Bengal<\/a><\/p>\n Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:<\/b><\/p>\n (5) With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for ( UPSC CSE 2011)<\/p>\n (a) Running the secret Congress Radio in the wake of Quit India Movement<\/p>\n (b) Participating in the Second Round Table Conference<\/p>\n (c) Leading a contingent of Indian National Army<\/p>\n (d) Assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru<\/p>\n ALSO IN NEWS<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Additionally, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has finalised French major Safran to join hands with the Bengaluru<\/a>-based Gas Turbine Research Establishment to manufacture an advanced jet engine in India which will power India\u2019s indigenous fifth generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Subscribe to our<\/b>\u00a0UPSC newsletter.<\/b><\/a>\u00a0Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel \u2013<\/b> Indian Express<\/b><\/a>\u00a0UPSC Hub, and follow us on<\/b>\u00a0Instagram<\/b><\/a>\u00a0and X.<\/b><\/p>\n \ud83d\udea8<\/b>\u00a0Click Here<\/b><\/a>\u00a0to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for\u00a0<\/b>August 2025<\/b>. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@<\/b>indianexpress.com<\/b><\/a>\ud83d\udea8<\/b><\/p>\n
\nCJI: Unequal treatment to unequals to make them equal\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n
\nAs EU eases climate trade rules under US pressure, India to press for similar relief<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n
\nUntold stories of Bengali women revolutionaries<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n\n \n \n Negotiations to start soon on GE engine for Tejas Mk2 jets<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n Two years after state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and US defence major General Electric (GE) Aerospace signed a pact to jointly produce fighter jet engines, the two sides will begin commercial negotiations on the deal shortly, The Indian Express has learnt.<\/p>\n \n India negotiating FTAs with EU, US, Chile, Peru: Goyal<\/strong><\/td>\n India is negotiating free trade agreements (FTAs) with several countries, including the European Union, the US, Chile, and Peru, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal<\/a> said on Saturday. He said the world is looking at India, and several developed economies are negotiating FTAs with us.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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