{"id":41573,"date":"2025-04-22T16:51:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-22T16:51:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/41573\/"},"modified":"2025-04-22T16:51:13","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T16:51:13","slug":"scalable-microwave-to-optical-transducers-at-the-single-photon-level-with-spins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/41573\/","title":{"rendered":"Scalable microwave-to-optical transducers at the single-photon level with spins"},"content":{"rendered":"<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"1.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Kimble, H. J. The quantum internet. Nature <b>453<\/b>, 1023\u20131030 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature07127\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature07127\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature07127\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature07127\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2008Natur.453.1023K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20quantum%20internet&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature07127&amp;volume=453&amp;pages=1023-1030&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Kimble%2CHJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"2.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Arute, F. et al. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature <b>574<\/b>, 505\u2013510 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1666-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019Natur.574..505A\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantum%20supremacy%20using%20a%20programmable%20superconducting%20processor&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1666-5&amp;volume=574&amp;pages=505-510&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Arute%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"3.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Cirac, J. I., Ekert, A., Huelga, S. F. &amp; Macchiavello, C. Distributed quantum computation over noisy channels. Phys. Rev. A <b>59<\/b>, 4249 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.4249\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.4249\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.59.4249\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.4249\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1999PhRvA..59.4249C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1698910\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Distributed%20quantum%20computation%20over%20noisy%20channels&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20A&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.59.4249&amp;volume=59&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Cirac%2CJI&amp;author=Ekert%2CA&amp;author=Huelga%2CSF&amp;author=Macchiavello%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"4.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Pompili, M. et al. Realization of a multinode quantum network of remote solid-state qubits. Science <b>372<\/b>, 259\u2013264 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.abg1919\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.abg1919\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.abg1919\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.abg1919\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021Sci...372..259P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Realization%20of%20a%20multinode%20quantum%20network%20of%20remote%20solid-state%20qubits&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.abg1919&amp;volume=372&amp;pages=259-264&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Pompili%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"5.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Lo, H.-K., Curty, M. &amp; Tamaki, K. Secure quantum key distribution. Nat. Photon. <b>8<\/b>, 595\u2013604 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.149\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.149\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnphoton.2014.149\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.149\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014NaPho...8..595L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Secure%20quantum%20key%20distribution&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photon.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnphoton.2014.149&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=595-604&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Lo%2CH-K&amp;author=Curty%2CM&amp;author=Tamaki%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"6.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Baumgratz, T. &amp; Datta, A. Quantum enhanced estimation of a multidimensional field. Phys. Rev. Lett. <b>116<\/b>, 030801 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.030801\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.030801\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.030801\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.030801\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2016PhRvL.116c0801B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantum%20enhanced%20estimation%20of%20a%20multidimensional%20field&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.030801&amp;volume=116&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Baumgratz%2CT&amp;author=Datta%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"7.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Pirandola, S., Bardhan, B. R., Gehring, T., Weedbrook, C. &amp; Lloyd, S. Advances in photonic quantum sensing. Nat. Photon. <b>12<\/b>, 724\u2013733 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41566-018-0301-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41566-018-0301-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41566-018-0301-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41566-018-0301-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018NaPho..12..724P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Advances%20in%20photonic%20quantum%20sensing&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photon.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41566-018-0301-6&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=724-733&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Pirandola%2CS&amp;author=Bardhan%2CBR&amp;author=Gehring%2CT&amp;author=Weedbrook%2CC&amp;author=Lloyd%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"8.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">A, G. Q. Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit. Nature <b>614<\/b>, 676\u2013681 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-05434-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-05434-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05434-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-05434-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Natur.614..676G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Suppressing%20quantum%20errors%20by%20scaling%20a%20surface%20code%20logical%20qubit&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05434-1&amp;volume=614&amp;pages=676-681&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=A%2CGQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"9.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Kim, Y. et al. Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance. Nature <b>618<\/b>, 500\u2013505 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06096-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06096-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06096-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06096-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Natur.618..500K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evidence%20for%20the%20utility%20of%20quantum%20computing%20before%20fault%20tolerance&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06096-3&amp;volume=618&amp;pages=500-505&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kim%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"10.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Lauk, N. et al. Perspectives on quantum transduction. Quantum Sci. Technol. <b>5<\/b>, 020501 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab788a\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab788a\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F2058-9565%2Fab788a\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/2058-9565\/ab788a\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020QS%26T....5b0501L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Perspectives%20on%20quantum%20transduction&amp;journal=Quantum%20Sci.%20Technol.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F2058-9565%2Fab788a&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Lauk%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"11.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Han, X., Fu, W., Zou, C.-L., Jiang, L. &amp; Tang, H. X. Microwave-optical quantum frequency conversion. Optica <b>8<\/b>, 1050\u20131064 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.425414\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.425414\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364%2FOPTICA.425414\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.425414\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021Optic...8.1050H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Microwave-optical%20quantum%20frequency%20conversion&amp;journal=Optica&amp;doi=10.1364%2FOPTICA.425414&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=1050-1064&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Han%2CX&amp;author=Fu%2CW&amp;author=Zou%2CC-L&amp;author=Jiang%2CL&amp;author=Tang%2CHX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"12.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Sahu, R. et al. Quantum-enabled operation of a microwave-optical interface. Nat. Commun. <b>13<\/b>, 1276 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-28924-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-28924-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-28924-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-28924-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1276S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantum-enabled%20operation%20of%20a%20microwave-optical%20interface&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-28924-2&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Sahu%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"13.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Xu, Y. et al. Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate. Nat. Commun. <b>12<\/b>, 4453 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-24809-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-24809-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-24809-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-24809-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021NatCo..12.4453X\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bidirectional%20interconversion%20of%20microwave%20and%20light%20with%20thin-film%20lithium%20niobate&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-24809-y&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Xu%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"14.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Shen, M. et al. Photonic link from single-flux-quantum circuits to room temperature. Nat. Photon. <b>18<\/b>, 371\u2013378 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01370-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01370-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41566-023-01370-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01370-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024NaPho..18..371S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Photonic%20link%20from%20single-flux-quantum%20circuits%20to%20room%20temperature&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photon.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41566-023-01370-2&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=371-378&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Shen%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"15.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Fu, W. et al. Cavity electro-optic circuit for microwave-to-optical conversion in the quantum ground state. Phys. Rev. A <b>103<\/b>, 053504 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.053504\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.053504\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.103.053504\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.053504\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021PhRvA.103e3504F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cavity%20electro-optic%20circuit%20for%20microwave-to-optical%20conversion%20in%20the%20quantum%20ground%20state&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20A&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.103.053504&amp;volume=103&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Fu%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"16.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Jiang, W. et al. Efficient bidirectional piezo-optomechanical transduction between microwave and optical frequency. Nat. Commun. <b>11<\/b>, 1166 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-14863-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-14863-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-14863-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-14863-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1166J\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Efficient%20bidirectional%20piezo-optomechanical%20transduction%20between%20microwave%20and%20optical%20frequency&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-14863-3&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Jiang%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"17.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Weaver, M. J. et al. An integrated microwave-to-optics interface for scalable quantum computing. Nat. Nanotechnol. <b>19<\/b>, 166\u2013172 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41565-023-01515-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41565-023-01515-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41565-023-01515-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41565-023-01515-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024NatNa..19..166W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20integrated%20microwave-to-optics%20interface%20for%20scalable%20quantum%20computing&amp;journal=Nat.%20Nanotechnol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41565-023-01515-y&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=166-172&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Weaver%2CMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"18.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Higginbotham, A. P. et al. Harnessing electro-optic correlations in an efficient mechanical converter. Nat. Phys. <b>14<\/b>, 1038\u20131042 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41567-018-0210-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41567-018-0210-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41567-018-0210-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41567-018-0210-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Harnessing%20electro-optic%20correlations%20in%20an%20efficient%20mechanical%20converter&amp;journal=Nat.%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41567-018-0210-0&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=1038-1042&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Higginbotham%2CAP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"19.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Zhao, H., Chen, W. D., Kejriwal, A. &amp; Mirhosseini, M. Quantum-enabled microwave-to-optical transduction via silicon nanomechanics. Nat. Nanotechnol. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-025-01874-8\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41565-025-01874-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-025-01874-8<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"20.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Mirhosseini, M., Sipahigil, A., Kalaee, M. &amp; Painter, O. Superconducting qubit to optical photon transduction. Nature <b>588<\/b>, 599\u2013603 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-3038-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-3038-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-3038-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-3038-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020Natur.588..599M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Superconducting%20qubit%20to%20optical%20photon%20transduction&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-020-3038-6&amp;volume=588&amp;pages=599-603&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Mirhosseini%2CM&amp;author=Sipahigil%2CA&amp;author=Kalaee%2CM&amp;author=Painter%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"21.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Andrews, R. W. et al. Bidirectional and efficient conversion between microwave and optical light. Nat. Phys. <b>10<\/b>, 321\u2013326 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nphys2911\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nphys2911\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnphys2911\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nphys2911\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bidirectional%20and%20efficient%20conversion%20between%20microwave%20and%20optical%20light&amp;journal=Nat.%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnphys2911&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=321-326&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Andrews%2CRW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"22.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Kumar, A. et al. Quantum-enabled millimetre wave to optical transduction using neutral atoms. Nature <b>615<\/b>, 614\u2013619 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-05740-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-05740-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05740-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-05740-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Natur.615..614K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantum-enabled%20millimetre%20wave%20to%20optical%20transduction%20using%20neutral%20atoms&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05740-2&amp;volume=615&amp;pages=614-619&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kumar%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"23.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Rochman, J., Xie, T., Bartholomew, J. G., Schwab, K. &amp; Faraon, A. Microwave-to-optical transduction with erbium ions coupled to planar photonic and superconducting resonators. Nat. Commun. <b>14<\/b>, 1153 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-36799-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-36799-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-36799-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-36799-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023NatCo..14.1153R\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Microwave-to-optical%20transduction%20with%20erbium%20ions%20coupled%20to%20planar%20photonic%20and%20superconducting%20resonators&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-023-36799-0&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Rochman%2CJ&amp;author=Xie%2CT&amp;author=Bartholomew%2CJG&amp;author=Schwab%2CK&amp;author=Faraon%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"24.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Fernandez-Gonzalvo, X., Horvath, S. P., Chen, Y.-H. &amp; Longdell, J. J. Cavity-enhanced Raman heterodyne spectroscopy in Er3+:Y2SiO5 for microwave to optical signal conversion. Phys. Rev. A <b>100<\/b>, 033807 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.033807\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.033807\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.100.033807\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.033807\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2019PhRvA.100c3807F\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cavity-enhanced%20Raman%20heterodyne%20spectroscopy%20in%20Er3%2B%3AY2SiO5%20for%20microwave%20to%20optical%20signal%20conversion&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20A&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.100.033807&amp;volume=100&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Fernandez-Gonzalvo%2CX&amp;author=Horvath%2CSP&amp;author=Chen%2CY-H&amp;author=Longdell%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"25.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Bor\u00f3wka, S., Pylypenko, U., Mazelanik, M. &amp; Parniak, M. Continuous wideband microwave-to-optical converter based on room-temperature Rydberg atoms. Nat. Photon. <b>18<\/b>, 32\u201338 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01295-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01295-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41566-023-01295-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01295-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024NaPho..18...32B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Continuous%20wideband%20microwave-to-optical%20converter%20based%20on%20room-temperature%20Rydberg%20atoms&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photon.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41566-023-01295-w&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=32-38&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Bor%C3%B3wka%2CS&amp;author=Pylypenko%2CU&amp;author=Mazelanik%2CM&amp;author=Parniak%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"26.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Delaney, R. et al. Superconducting-qubit readout via low-backaction electro-optic transduction. Nature <b>606<\/b>, 489\u2013493 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-04720-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-04720-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04720-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-04720-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022Natur.606..489D\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Superconducting-qubit%20readout%20via%20low-backaction%20electro-optic%20transduction&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04720-2&amp;volume=606&amp;pages=489-493&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Delaney%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"27.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Arnold, G. et al. All-optical superconducting qubit readout. Nat. Phys. <b>21<\/b>, 393\u2013400 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"28.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">van Thiel, T. C. et al. Optical readout of a superconducting qubit using a piezo-optomechanical transducer. Nat. Phys. <b>21<\/b>, 401\u2013405 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"29.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Sahu, R. et al. Entangling microwaves with light. Science <b>380<\/b>, 718\u2013721 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.adg3812\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.adg3812\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.adg3812\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.adg3812\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Sci...380..718S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=4595800\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Entangling%20microwaves%20with%20light&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.adg3812&amp;volume=380&amp;pages=718-721&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Sahu%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"30.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Meesala, S. et al. Non-classical microwave\u2013optical photon pair generation with a chip-scale transducer. Nat. Phys. <b>20<\/b>, 871\u2013877 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41567-024-02409-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41567-024-02409-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41567-024-02409-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41567-024-02409-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Non-classical%20microwave%E2%80%93optical%20photon%20pair%20generation%20with%20a%20chip-scale%20transducer&amp;journal=Nat.%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41567-024-02409-z&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=871-877&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Meesala%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"31.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Meesala, S. et al. Quantum entanglement between optical and microwave photonic qubits. Phys. Rev. X <b>14<\/b>, 031055 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantum%20entanglement%20between%20optical%20and%20microwave%20photonic%20qubits&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20X&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Meesala%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"32.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Hamze, A. K., Reynaud, M., Geler-Kremer, J. &amp; Demkov, A. A. Design rules for strong electro-optic materials. npj Comput. Mater. <b>6<\/b>, 130 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41524-020-00399-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41524-020-00399-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41524-020-00399-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41524-020-00399-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020npjCM...6..130H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Design%20rules%20for%20strong%20electro-optic%20materials&amp;journal=npj%20Comput.%20Mater.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41524-020-00399-z&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Hamze%2CAK&amp;author=Reynaud%2CM&amp;author=Geler-Kremer%2CJ&amp;author=Demkov%2CAA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"33.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Williamson, L. A., Chen, Y.-H. &amp; Longdell, J. J. Magneto-optic modulator with unit quantum efficiency. Phys. Rev. Lett. <b>113<\/b>, 203601 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.203601\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.203601\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.113.203601\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.203601\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014PhRvL.113t3601W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Magneto-optic%20modulator%20with%20unit%20quantum%20efficiency&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.113.203601&amp;volume=113&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Williamson%2CLA&amp;author=Chen%2CY-H&amp;author=Longdell%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"34.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Zhong, M. et al. Optically addressable nuclear spins in a solid with a six-hour coherence time. Nature <b>517<\/b>, 177\u2013180 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature14025\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature14025\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature14025\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature14025\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015Natur.517..177Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Optically%20addressable%20nuclear%20spins%20in%20a%20solid%20with%20a%20six-hour%20coherence%20time&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature14025&amp;volume=517&amp;pages=177-180&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Zhong%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"35.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Kindem, J. M. et al. Characterization of 171Yb3+:YVO4 for photonic quantum technologies. Phys. Rev. B <b>98<\/b>, 024404 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.024404\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.024404\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.98.024404\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.024404\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018PhRvB..98b4404K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Characterization%20of%20171Yb3%2B%3AYVO4%20for%20photonic%20quantum%20technologies&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20B&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevB.98.024404&amp;volume=98&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Kindem%2CJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"36.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Bartholomew, J. G. et al. On-chip coherent microwave-to-optical transduction mediated by ytterbium in YVO4. Nat. Commun. <b>11<\/b>, 3266 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-16996-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-16996-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16996-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-16996-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3266B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On-chip%20coherent%20microwave-to-optical%20transduction%20mediated%20by%20ytterbium%20in%20YVO4&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16996-x&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Bartholomew%2CJG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"37.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Zhou, Z.-Q. et al. Photonic integrated quantum memory in rare-earth doped solids. Laser Photon. Rev. <b>17<\/b>, 2300257 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300257\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300257\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Flpor.202300257\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300257\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023LPRv...1700257Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Photonic%20integrated%20quantum%20memory%20in%20rare-earth%20doped%20solids&amp;journal=Laser%20Photon.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Flpor.202300257&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Zhou%2CZ-Q\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"38.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Hatipoglu, U., Sonar, S., Lake, D. P., Meesala, S. &amp; Painter, O. In situ tuning of optomechanical crystals with nano-oxidation. Optica <b>11<\/b>, 371\u2013375 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.516479\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.516479\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364%2FOPTICA.516479\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.516479\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2024Optic..11..371H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=In%20situ%20tuning%20of%20optomechanical%20crystals%20with%20nano-oxidation&amp;journal=Optica&amp;doi=10.1364%2FOPTICA.516479&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=371-375&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hatipoglu%2CU&amp;author=Sonar%2CS&amp;author=Lake%2CDP&amp;author=Meesala%2CS&amp;author=Painter%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"39.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Kindem, J. M. et al. Control and single-shot readout of an ion embedded in a nanophotonic cavity. Nature <b>580<\/b>, 201\u2013204 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-2160-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-2160-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2160-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-2160-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020Natur.580..201K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Control%20and%20single-shot%20readout%20of%20an%20ion%20embedded%20in%20a%20nanophotonic%20cavity&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2160-9&amp;volume=580&amp;pages=201-204&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kindem%2CJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"40.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Ourari, S. et al. Indistinguishable telecom band photons from a single Er ion in the solid state. Nature <b>620<\/b>, 977\u2013981 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06281-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06281-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06281-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-023-06281-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2023Natur.620..977O\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Indistinguishable%20telecom%20band%20photons%20from%20a%20single%20Er%20ion%20in%20the%20solid%20state&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06281-4&amp;volume=620&amp;pages=977-981&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ourari%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"41.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Hedges, M. P., Longdell, J. J., Li, Y. &amp; Sellars, M. J. Efficient quantum memory for light. Nature <b>465<\/b>, 1052\u20131056 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature09081\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature09081\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature09081\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature09081\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2010Natur.465.1052H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Efficient%20quantum%20memory%20for%20light&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature09081&amp;volume=465&amp;pages=1052-1056&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Hedges%2CMP&amp;author=Longdell%2CJJ&amp;author=Li%2CY&amp;author=Sellars%2CMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"42.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Lago-Rivera, D., Grandi, S., Rakonjac, J. V., Seri, A. &amp; de Riedmatten, H. Telecom-heralded entanglement between multimode solid-state quantum memories. Nature <b>594<\/b>, 37\u201340 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03481-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03481-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03481-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03481-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021Natur.594...37L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Telecom-heralded%20entanglement%20between%20multimode%20solid-state%20quantum%20memories&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03481-8&amp;volume=594&amp;pages=37-40&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Lago-Rivera%2CD&amp;author=Grandi%2CS&amp;author=Rakonjac%2CJV&amp;author=Seri%2CA&amp;author=Riedmatten%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"43.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Ruskuc, A. et al. Multiplexed entanglement of multi-emitter quantum network nodes. Nature <b>639<\/b>, 54\u201359 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"44.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Probst, S. et al. Anisotropic rare-earth spin ensemble strongly coupled to a superconducting resonator. Phys. Rev. Lett. <b>110<\/b>, 157001 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.157001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.157001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.110.157001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.157001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2013PhRvL.110o7001P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Anisotropic%20rare-earth%20spin%20ensemble%20strongly%20coupled%20to%20a%20superconducting%20resonator&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.110.157001&amp;volume=110&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Probst%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"45.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Kjaergaard, M. et al. Superconducting qubits: current state of play. Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. <b>11<\/b>, 369\u2013395 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1146\/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1146\/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031119-050605\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1146\/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020ARCMP..11..369K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Superconducting%20qubits%3A%20current%20state%20of%20play&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Condens.%20Matter%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031119-050605&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=369-395&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kjaergaard%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"46.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Sumida, D. &amp; Fan, T. Effect of radiation trapping on fluorescence lifetime and emission cross section measurements in solid-state laser media. Opt. Lett. <b>19<\/b>, 1343\u20131345 (1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1364\/OL.19.001343\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1364\/OL.19.001343\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364%2FOL.19.001343\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1364\/OL.19.001343\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=1994OptL...19.1343S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effect%20of%20radiation%20trapping%20on%20fluorescence%20lifetime%20and%20emission%20cross%20section%20measurements%20in%20solid-state%20laser%20media&amp;journal=Opt.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1364%2FOL.19.001343&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=1343-1345&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=Sumida%2CD&amp;author=Fan%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"47.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Rueda, A. et al. Efficient microwave to optical photon conversion: an electro-optical realization. Optica <b>3<\/b>, 597\u2013604 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000597\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000597\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364%2FOPTICA.3.000597\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000597\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2016Optic...3..597R\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Efficient%20microwave%20to%20optical%20photon%20conversion%3A%20an%20electro-optical%20realization&amp;journal=Optica&amp;doi=10.1364%2FOPTICA.3.000597&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=597-604&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Rueda%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kimble, H. J. The quantum internet. Nature 453, 1023\u20131030 (2008). Article\u00a0 ADS\u00a0 Google Scholar\u00a0 Arute, F. et al.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":41574,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3845],"tags":[11701,11700,11705,11704,3968,11699,11702,11703,74,7030,70,11698,16,15],"class_list":{"0":"post-41573","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-physics","8":"tag-atomic","9":"tag-classical-and-continuum-physics","10":"tag-complex-systems","11":"tag-condensed-matter-physics","12":"tag-general","13":"tag-mathematical-and-computational-physics","14":"tag-molecular","15":"tag-optical-and-plasma-physics","16":"tag-physics","17":"tag-quantum-information","18":"tag-science","19":"tag-theoretical","20":"tag-uk","21":"tag-united-kingdom"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@uk\/114382653590791559","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41573","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41573"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41573\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41574"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41573"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41573"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41573"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}