{"id":44718,"date":"2025-04-23T20:13:10","date_gmt":"2025-04-23T20:13:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/44718\/"},"modified":"2025-04-23T20:13:10","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T20:13:10","slug":"human-eyes-see-new-color-olo-for-the-first-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/44718\/","title":{"rendered":"Human Eyes See New Color &#8220;Olo&#8221; for the First Time"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Summary: <\/strong>Scientists have created a technology called Oz that stimulates individual photoreceptor cells in the human eye to create an entirely new, ultra-saturated color never seen in nature\u2014dubbed olo. Using microdoses of laser light, Oz activates specific combinations of cone cells to generate this vivid blue-green hue, which vanishes the moment the precision targeting is disrupted.<\/p>\n<p>The technology allows researchers to explore the fundamental nature of human color vision and could one day aid in treating vision disorders or simulating sight loss. Beyond its scientific utility, the experience of seeing olo has been described by participants as visually striking and deeply immersive.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Facts:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>New Color Created:<\/strong> Olo is a hyper-saturated blue-green color generated by targeting M cones.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Precision Targeting:<\/strong> Oz uses lasers to stimulate thousands of individual retinal cones.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vision Research Potential:<\/strong> The system may help study eye diseases, simulate cone loss, or enhance color perception.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong>UC Berkeley<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Frank Baum\u2019s original novel\u00a0The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Emerald City is said to be such a brilliant shade of green that visitors must wear green-tinted glasses to protect their eyes from \u201cthe brightness and glory\u201d of the city.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The glasses are one of the wizard\u2019s many deceits; the city viewed through green-tinted glasses would, of course, only look more green.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>  <img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"799\" src=\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Olo-visual-color-neuroscience.jpg\" alt=\"This shows an eye.\"  \/> The platform could also be used to answer basic questions about human sight and vision loss. Credit: Neuroscience News<\/p>\n<p>But using a new technique called \u201cOz,\u201d scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, have found a way to manipulate the human eye into seeing a brand-new color \u2014 a blue-green color of unparalleled saturation that the research team has named \u201colo.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt was like a profoundly saturated teal \u2026 the most saturated natural color was just pale by comparison,\u201d said Austin Roorda, a professor of optometry and vision science at UC Berkeley\u2019s Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry &amp; Vision Science, and one of the creators of Oz.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Oz works by using tiny doses of laser light to individually control up to 1,000 photoreceptors in the eye at one time.<\/p>\n<p>Using Oz, the team is able to show people not only a green more stunning than anything in nature, but also other colors, lines, moving dots and images of babies and fish.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The platform could also be used to answer basic questions about human sight and vision loss.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe chose Oz to be the name because it was like we were going on a journey to the land of Oz to see this brilliant color that we\u2019d never seen before,\u201d said James Carl Fong, a doctoral student in electrical engineering and computer sciences (EECS) at UC Berkeley.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019ve created a system that can track, target and stimulate photoreceptor cells with such high precision that we can now answer very basic, but also very thought-provoking, questions about the nature of human color vision,\u201d Fong said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt gives us a way to study the human retina at a new scale that has never been possible in practice.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Oz technique is described in\u00a0a new study\u00a0published last week in the journal\u00a0Science Advances.<\/p>\n<p>The work was funded in part by federal grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Untapped photoreceptors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Humans are able to see in color thanks to three different types of photoreceptor \u201ccone\u201d cells embedded in the retina. Each type of cone is sensitive to different wavelengths of light: S cones detect shorter, bluer wavelengths; M cones detect medium, greenish wavelengths; and L cones detect longer, reddish wavelengths.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>However, due to an evolutionary quirk, the light wavelengths that activate the M and L cones are almost entirely overlapping. This means that 85% of the light that activates M cones also activates L cones.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s no wavelength in the world that can stimulate only the M cone,\u201d said study senior author Ren Ng, a professor of EECS at UC Berkeley.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI began wondering what it would look like if you could just stimulate all the M cone cells. Would it be like the greenest green you\u2019ve ever seen?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To find out, Ng teamed up with Roorda, who had created a technology that used tiny microdoses of laser light to target and activate individual photoreceptors.<\/p>\n<p>Roorda calls the technology \u201ca microscope for looking at the retina,\u201d and it is already being used by ophthalmologists to study eye disease.<\/p>\n<p>But for a human to actually perceive a whole new color, Ng and Roorda would need to find a way to activate not just one cone cell, but thousands of them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A movie screen the size of a fingernail<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fong first started working on the Oz project in 2018 as an undergraduate engineering student, and has created much of the complex software needed to translate images and colors into thousands of tiny laser pulses directed at the human retina.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI joined after meeting this other student who was working with Ren, who told me that they were shooting lasers into people\u2019s eyes to make them see impossible colors,\u2019\u201d Fong said.<\/p>\n<p>For Oz to work, first you need a map of the unique arrangement of the S, M and L cone cells on an individual\u2019s retina. To get these maps, the researchers collaborated with Ramkumar Sabesan and Vimal Prahbhu Pandiyan at the University of Washington, who have developed an optical system that can image the human retina and identify each cone cell.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>With an individual\u2019s cone map in hand, the Oz system can be programmed to rapidly scan a laser beam over a small patch of the retina, delivering tiny pulses of energy when the beam reaches a cone that it wants to activate, and otherwise staying off.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The laser beam is just one color \u2014 the same hue as a green laser pointer \u2014 but by activating a combination of S, M and L cone cells, it can trick the eye into seeing images in full technicolor. Or, by primarily activating the M cone cells, Oz can show people the color olo.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf you look at your index fingernail at arm\u2019s length, that\u2019s about the size of the display,\u201d said Roorda.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBut if we could, we would have filled the entire visual space like an IMAX.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>The \u2018wow\u2019 experience<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hannah Doyle, a doctoral student in EECS and co-lead author of the paper, designed and ran the human experiments with Oz. Five human subjects got the chance to see the color olo, including Roorda and Ng, who were aware of the purpose of the study, but not the specifics of what they would see.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In one experiment, Doyle asked the participants to compare olo to other colors. They described it as blue-green or peacock green, and reported that it was much more saturated than the nearest monochromatic color.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe most saturated colors you can experience in nature are the monochromatic ones. Light from a green laser pointer is one example,\u201d Roorda said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen I pinned olo up against other monochromatic light, I really had that \u2018wow\u2019 experience.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Doyle also tried \u201cjittering\u201d the Oz laser, directing it ever-so-slightly off target so the light pulses hit random cones rather than only M cones. The participants immediately stopped seeing olo and started seeing the regular green of the laser.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI wasn\u2019t a subject for this paper, but I\u2019ve seen olo since, and it\u2019s very striking. You know you\u2019re looking at something very blue-green,\u201d Doyle said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen the laser gets jittered, the normal color of the laser almost looks like yellow because the difference is so stark.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Probing the nature of color vision<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Oz isn\u2019t just useful for projecting tiny movies into the eye. The research team is already finding ways to use the technique to study eye disease and vision loss.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMany diseases that cause visual impairment involve lost cone cells,\u201d Doyle said. \u201cOne application that I\u2019m exploring now is to use this cone by cone activation to simulate cone loss in healthy subjects.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>They are also exploring whether Oz could help people with color blindness to see all the colors of the rainbow, or if the technique could be used to allow humans to see in tetrachromatic color, as if they had four sets of cone cells.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>It may also help answer more fundamental questions about how the brain makes sense of the complex world around us.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe found that we can recreate a normal visual experience just by manipulating the cells \u2014 not by casting an image, but just by stimulating the photoreceptors. And we found that we can also expand that visual experience, which we did with olo,\u201d Roorda said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s still a mystery whether, if you expand the signals or generate new sensory inputs, will the brain be able to make sense of them and appreciate them?<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd, you know, I like to believe that it can. I think that the human brain is this really remarkable organ that does a great job of making sense of inputs, existing or even new.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Additional authors of the study include Congli Wang, Alexandra E. Boehm, Sophie R. Herbeck, Brian P. Schmidt, Pavan Tiruveedhula, John E. Vanston and William S. Tuten of UC Berkeley.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Funding: <\/strong>This work was supported by a Hellman Fellowship, FHL Vive Center Seed Grant, Air Force Office of Scientific Research grants (FA9550-20-1-0195, FA9550-21-1-0230), National Institutes of Health grant (R01EY023591, R01EY029710, U01EY032055) and a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award at the Scientific Interface.<\/p>\n<p>About this visual neuroscience and neurotech research news<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#ffffe8\"><strong>Author: <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/neurosciencenews.com\/cdn-cgi\/l\/email-protection#660d0c0b07080d03260403140d030a031f48030213\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kara Manke<\/a><br \/><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/berkeley.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UC Berkeley<\/a><br \/><strong>Contact: <\/strong>Kara Manke \u2013 UC Berkeley<br \/><strong>Image: <\/strong>The image is credited to Neuroscience News<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#ffffe8\"><strong>Original Research: <\/strong>Open access.<br \/>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adu1052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Novel color via stimulation of individual photoreceptors at population scale<\/a>\u201d by Ren Ng et al. Science Advances<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Novel color via stimulation of individual photoreceptors at population scale<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We introduce a principle, Oz, for displaying color imagery: directly controlling the human eye\u2019s photoreceptor activity via cell-by-cell light delivery.<\/p>\n<p>Theoretically, novel colors are possible through bypassing the constraints set by the cone spectral sensitivities and activating M cone cells exclusively. In practice, we confirm a partial expansion of colorspace toward that theoretical ideal.<\/p>\n<p>Attempting to activate M cones exclusively is shown to elicit a color beyond the natural human gamut, formally measured with color matching by human subjects. They describe the color as blue-green of unprecedented saturation.<\/p>\n<p>Further experiments show that subjects perceive Oz colors in image and video form. The prototype targets laser microdoses to thousands of spectrally classified cones under fixational eye motion.<\/p>\n<p> These results are proof-of-principle for programmable control over individual photoreceptors at population scale.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Summary: Scientists have created a technology called Oz that stimulates individual photoreceptor cells in the human eye to&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":44719,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[215,24715,24716,219,2996,24717,53,24718,16,15,8464],"class_list":{"0":"post-44718","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-technology","8":"tag-brain-research","9":"tag-color","10":"tag-color-vision","11":"tag-neurobiology","12":"tag-neurotech","13":"tag-oz","14":"tag-technology","15":"tag-uc-berkeley","16":"tag-uk","17":"tag-united-kingdom","18":"tag-visual-neuroscience"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@uk\/114389110224776445","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44718","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=44718"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44718\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/44719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44718"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=44718"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=44718"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}