• Tajima, T. & Dawson, J. M. Laser electron accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 267–270 (1979).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Esarey, E., Schroeder, C. B. & Leemans, W. P. Physics of laser-driven plasma-based electron accelerators. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1229–1285 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mangles, S. P. et al. Monoenergetic beams of relativistic electrons from intense laser–plasma interactions. Nature 431, 535–538 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Geddes, C. et al. High-quality electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding. Nature 431, 538–541 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Faure, J. et al. A laser–plasma accelerator producing monoenergetic electron beams. Nature 431, 541–544 (2004).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mangles, S. P. et al. Electron acceleration in cavitated channels formed by a petawatt laser in low-density plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 245001 (2005).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leemans, W. P. et al. GeV electron beams from a centimetre-scale accelerator. Nat. Phys. 2, 696–699 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kneip, S. et al. Near-GeV acceleration of electrons by a nonlinear plasma wave driven by a self-guided laser pulse. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 035002 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Froula, D. et al. Measurements of the critical power for self-injection of electrons in a laser wakefield accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 215006 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Clayton, C. E. et al. Self-guided laser wakefield acceleration beyond 1 GeV using ionization-induced injection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 105003 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lu, H. et al. Laser wakefield acceleration of electron beams beyond 1 GeV from an ablative capillary discharge waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 091502 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, X. et al. Quasi-monoenergetic laser–plasma acceleration of electrons to 2 GeV. Nat. Commun. 4, 1988 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lu, W. et al. Generating multi-GeV electron bunches using single stage laser wakefield acceleration in a 3D nonlinear regime. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 10, 061301 (2007).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Debus, A. et al. Circumventing the dephasing and depletion limits of laser-wakefield acceleration. Phys. Rev. X 9, 031044 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Yoon, S., Palastro, J. & Milchberg, H. Quasi-phase-matched laser wakefield acceleration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 134803 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, X., Khudik, V. N. & Shvets, G. Synergistic laser-wakefield and direct-laser acceleration in the plasma-bubble regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 184801 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Döpp, A. et al. Energy-chirp compensation in a laser wakefield accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 074802 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Steinke, S. et al. Multistage coupling of independent laser–plasma accelerators. Nature 530, 190–193 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sprangle, P. et al. Wakefield generation and GeV acceleration in tapered plasma channels. Phys. Rev. E 63, 056405 (2001).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gonsalves, A. et al. Tunable laser plasma accelerator based on longitudinal density tailoring. Nat. Phys. 7, 862–866 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aniculaesei, C. et al. Electron energy increase in a laser wakefield accelerator using up-ramp plasma density profiles. Sci. Rep. 9, 11249 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ludwig, J. et al. Laser based 100 GeV electron acceleration scheme for muon production. Sci. Rep. 15, 25902 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li, R. et al. Longitudinal tapering in gas jets for increased efficiency of 10-GeV class laser plasma accelerators. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 96, 043306 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leemans, W. et al. Multi-GeV electron beams from capillary-discharge-guided subpetawatt laser pulses in the self-trapping regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 245002 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gonsalves, A. et al. Petawatt laser guiding and electron beam acceleration to 8 GeV in a laser-heated capillary discharge waveguide. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 084801 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Miao, B. et al. Multi-GeV electron bunches from an all-optical laser wakefield accelerator. Phys. Rev. X 12, 031038 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Aniculaesei, C. et al. The acceleration of a high-charge electron bunch to 10 GeV in a 10-cm nanoparticle-assisted wakefield accelerator. Matter Radiat. Extrem. 9, 014001 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Picksley, A. et al. Matched guiding and controlled injection in dark-current-free, 10-GeV-class, channel-guided laser–plasma accelerators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 255001 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rockafellow, E. et al. High charge laser acceleration of electrons to 10 GeV. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 1077, 170586 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sainte-Marie, A., Gobert, O. & Quere, F. Controlling the velocity of ultrashort light pulses in vacuum through spatio-temporal couplings. Optica 4, 1298–1304 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Froula, D. H. et al. Spatiotemporal control of laser intensity. Nat. Photon. 12, 262–265 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Palastro, J. et al. Dephasingless laser wakefield acceleration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 134802 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Palastro, J. et al. Laser–plasma acceleration beyond wave breaking. Phys. Plasmas 28, 013109 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Caizergues, C., Smartsev, S., Malka, V. & Thaury, C. Phase-locked laser-wakefield electron acceleration. Nat. Photon. 14, 475–479 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pigeon, J. J. et al. Ultrabroadband flying-focus using an axiparabola–echelon pair. Opt. Express 32, 576–585 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ambat, M. V. et al. Programmable-trajectory ultrafast flying focus pulses. Opt. Express 31, 31354–31368 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Martins, S. F., Fonseca, R., Lu, W., Mori, W. B. & Silva, L. Exploring laser-wakefield-accelerator regimes for near-term lasers using particle-in-cell simulation in Lorentz-boosted frames. Nat. Phys. 6, 311–316 (2010).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Miller, K. G. et al. Dephasingless laser wakefield acceleration in the bubble regime. Sci. Rep. 13, 21306 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bromage, J. et al. Technology development for ultraintense all-OPCPA systems. High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 7, e4 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Buck, S., Oliveira, P., Angelides, T. & Galimberti, M. A review of optical parametric amplification at the Vulcan Laser Facility. Photonics 11, 495 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, X. et al. 13.4 fs, 0.1 Hz OPCPA front end for the 100 PW-class laser facility. Ultrafast Sci. 9894358 (2022).

  • Vranic, M., Klimo, O., Korn, G. & Weber, S. Multi-GeV electron–positron beam generation from laser-electron scattering. Sci. Rep. 8, 4702 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Streeter, M. et al. Narrow bandwidth, low-emittance positron beams from a laser-wakefield accelerator. Sci. Rep. 14, 6001 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Terzani, D. et al. Measurement of directional muon beams generated at the Berkeley Lab Laser Accelerator. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 103401 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Magnusson, J. et al. Laser-particle collider for multi-GeV photon production. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 254801 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bula, C. et al. Observation of nonlinear effects in Compton scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3116–3119 (1996).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Burke, D. et al. Positron production in multiphoton light-by-light scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1626–1629 (1997).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cole, J. et al. Experimental evidence of radiation reaction in the collision of a high-intensity laser pulse with a laser-wakefield accelerated electron beam. Phys. Rev. X 8, 011020 (2018).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Poder, K. et al. Experimental signatures of the quantum nature of radiation reaction in the field of an ultraintense laser. Phys. Rev. X 8, 031004 (2018).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Yakimenko, V. et al. Prospect of studying nonperturbative QED with beam–beam collisions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 190404 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Di Piazza, A., Willingale, L. & Zuegel, J. Multi-petawatt physics prioritization (MP3) workshop report. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13187 (2022).

  • Smartsev, S. et al. Axiparabola: a long-focal-depth, high-resolution mirror for broadband high-intensity lasers. Opt. Lett. 44, 3414–3417 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Geng, P.-F. et al. Propagation of axiparabola-focused laser pulses in uniform plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 29, 112301 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liberman, A. et al. Direct observation of a wakefield generated with structured light. Nat. Commun. 16, 10957 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liberman, A., Golovanov, A., Tata, S., Talposi, A.-M. & Malka, V. Probing flying-focus wakefields. Rep. Prog. Phys. 89, 038501 (2026).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen, M., Sheng, Z.-M., Ma, Y.-Y. & Zhang, J. Electron injection and trapping in a laser wakefield by field ionization to high-charge states of gases. J. Appl. Phys. 99, 056109 (2006).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pak, A. et al. Injection and trapping of tunnel-ionized electrons into laser-produced wakes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 025003 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McGuffey, C. et al. Ionization induced trapping in a laser wakefield accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 025004 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fonseca, R. A. et al. Osiris: a three-dimensional, fully relativistic particle in cell code for modeling plasma based accelerators. In Proc. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 2331 (eds Sloot, P. M. A. et al.) 342–351 (Springer, 2002).

  • Davidson, A. et al. Implementation of a hybrid particle code with a PIC description in r–z and a gridless description in ϕ into OSIRIS. J. Comput. Phys. 281, 1063–1077 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Couperus, J. et al. Demonstration of a beam loaded nanocoulomb-class laser wakefield accelerator. Nat. Commun. 8, 487 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kirchen, M. et al. Optimal beam loading in a laser–plasma accelerator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 174801 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Drobniak, P. et al. Validation of a compact and tunable continuous gas-flow laser–plasma target for electron beam production above 150 MeV. Appl. Sci. 16, 2312 (2026).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tzoufras, M. et al. Beam loading in the nonlinear regime of plasma-based acceleration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 145002 (2008).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shaw, J. L. et al. Path to a single-stage, 100-GeV electron beam via a flying-focus-driven laser–plasma accelerator. Phys. Plasmas 32, 083107 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Piccardo, M. et al. Trends in relativistic laser–matter interaction: the promises of structured light. Optica 12, 732–752 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Howard, A. J. et al. Photon acceleration in a flying focus. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 124801 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramsey, D., Franke, P., Simpson, T. T., Froula, D. H. & Palastro, J. P. Vacuum acceleration of electrons in a dynamic laser pulse. Phys. Rev. E 102, 043207 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ramsey, D. et al. Nonlinear thomson scattering with ponderomotive control. Phys. Rev. E 105, 065201 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ye, H. et al. Enhanced thomson scattering X-ray sources with flying focus laser pulse. AIP Adv. 13, 035330 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Formanek, M., Ramsey, D., Palastro, J. P. & Di Piazza, A. Radiation reaction enhancement in flying focus pulses. Phys. Rev. A 105, L020203 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Formanek, M., Palastro, J. P., Ramsey, D., Weber, S. & Di Piazza, A. Signatures of vacuum birefringence in low-power flying focus pulses. Phys. Rev. D 109, 056009 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Blum, P. et al. Programmable focal elongation and shaping of high-intensity laser pulses using adaptive optics. Opt. Lett. 51, 9–12 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Markland, H. et al. Rapidly tunable ultrabroadband flying focus using adaptive optics and an axiparabola. Opt. Lett. 51, 676–679 (2026).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shaw, J. L., Vafaei-Najafabadi, N., Marsh, K. A. & Joshi, C. Technique for determining the maximum energy of a dispersed electron beam from laser wakefield accelerators. In Proc. PAC2013 162–164 (2013).

  • Bromage, J. et al. MTW-OPAL: a technology development platform for ultra-intense optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification systems. High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 9, e63 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Begishev, I. A. et al. Advanced laser development and plasma-physics studies on the multiterawatt laser. Appl. Opt. 60, 11104–11124 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Iaconis, C. & Walmsley, I. A. Spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction of ultrashort optical pulses. Opt. Lett. 23, 792–794 (1998).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ambat, M. V., Settle, I. A., Shamlian, J., Boni, R. & Shaw, J. L. Assessment of errors in analytic modeling of permanent magnet electron spectrometers for laser–plasma accelerators. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 96, 123303 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Boutoux, G. et al. Study of imaging plate detector sensitivity to 5–18 MeV electrons. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 113304 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Doria, D. et al. Calibration of BAS-TR image plate response to high energy (3–300 MeV) carbon ions. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 123302 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bonnet, T. et al. Response functions of imaging plates to photons, electrons and 4He particles. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 103510 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fonseca, R. A. et al. Exploiting multi-scale parallelism for large scale numerical modelling of laser wakefield accelerators. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55, 124011 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li, F. et al. A new field solver for modeling of relativistic particle-laser interactions using the particle-in-cell algorithm. Comput. Phys. Commun. 258, 107580 (2021).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Miller, K. G. et al. Accurate simulation of direct laser acceleration in a laser wakefield accelerator. Phys. Plasmas 30, 073902 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Palastro, J. P. et al. Ionization waves of arbitrary velocity driven by a flying focus. Phys. Rev. A 97, 033835 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar