Researchers at the Russian state Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom and Lomonosov Moscow State University have developed a prototype three-zone quantum computer with 72 qubits. This is the third time Russian researchers have unveiled a quantum computer prototype with over 70 qubits, local media reported. 

Quantum computing promises to exponentially increase our ability to perform complex calculations when compared to the fastest supercomputers of the day. Instead of relying on silicon-based binary bits, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, that can store values of 0 and 1, as well as intermediate values. 

This ability to store multiple values enables qubits to perform multiple computations simultaneously. The higher the number of qubits, the greater the quantum computer’s computational ability.

Researchers worldwide are working to build quantum computers with more qubits. However, increasing qubits also increases the errors that are incorporated during computations. So, the system’s accuracy is equally important. 

94% accuracy

The quantum computer prototype built by Rosatom and Lomonosov Moscow State University uses 72 qubits based on single neutral rubidium atoms. Using a two-qubit logical system, the quantum computer achieved 94 percent efficiency. 

While these numbers may not seem as high as those achieved by quantum computing companies in the US, they are significant because they pave the way for extensive practical experimentation with the system. 

Two-qubit operations are fundamental for building complex quantum systems and ensuring reliable computations. While the claims cannot be verified, Russian researchers have achieved this without collaborations, demonstrating technological sovereignty. 

Three-Zone design

To improve functionality, the researchers used a three-zone design system for their quantum computer prototype. This architecture uses separate zones for computing, long-term data storage, and readout, with each area performing only a specialized function. 

Since qubits are sensitive to external influences, researchers have been looking for ways to maintain quantum states. A change in the quantum state results in a change in the value of the data stored, thereby introducing errors into complex calculations. 

The Russian design is aimed at performing complex calculations while correcting logical errors, a useful feature for building quantum computers with high-fidelity qubits.

As Russia seeks to build quantum computers that surpass classical computers by the end of the decade, the three-zone architecture could be key. 

In this prototype, only two zones, namely computing and long-term storage, were used, while the third zone, the read-out zone, will be deployed in the next stage. 

“Reaching the 72-qubit mark on an atom-based platform confirms the systematic development of the domestic quantum project and our strong position in quantum research and the creation of quantum computer prototypes,” said Yekaterina Solntseva, Director of Quantum Technologies at Rosatom State Corporation.

“It is especially important that the scientists have taken another step toward progressively improving the reliability of operations.”

The development is also significant because, in 2023, Russia’s most powerful quantum computer had only 16 qubits. Within a couple of years, they have now built quantum computer prototypes with over 70 qubits for the third time. 

“Not only leading university specialists, but also young scientists, graduate students, and undergraduates are participating in these experiments and in the development of the computer, so this work is involving the younger generation in one of Russia’s most important scientific projects,” concluded Vladimir Belokurov, Dean of the Physics Department at Moscow State University in a statement ot TASS.