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\n Michael Knapp<\/a> ▪ August 26, 2025
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\n Caitlin Clark of the Indiana Fever shoots against Myisha Hines-Allen of the Dallas Wings on July 13, 2025 in Indianapolis. (Michael Hickey\/Getty Images)
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We\u2019ve largely done away with the Great Man Theory in historiography, but I remain intrigued by the Great Player Theory of basketball history. The NBA isn\u2019t the NBA without Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain\u2019s midcentury rivalry, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar\u2019s on-court dominance and off-court eloquence, or Magic Johnson and Larry Bird\u2019s cross-coastal clashes. (The last helped shift the racialized discourse<\/a> around what was, in the early 1980s, disparaged as a cocaine-addicted league airing tape-delayed finals games after M.A.S.H., Dallas, and the local news.) Basketball doesn\u2019t become a cultural and economic colossus without Michael Jordan\u2019s branded silhouette, Charles Barkley\u2019s affable irreverence, or LeBron James\u2019s hyper-publicized rise from scrawny Akron teen to billionaire mogul. Unlike in football, we see the players\u2019 faces. Unlike in baseball, our favorite stars participate in almost every play. Unlike in hockey, there\u2019s no barrier between the fans and the action. We know that Steph Curry chews his mouth guard at the free throw line, that Luka Don\u010di\u0107 contorts his face in exasperation upon each whistle, and that, by halftime, Nikola Joki\u0107\u2019s arms are decorated with vivid red scratches. We don\u2019t know these men, yet we feel like we do.<\/p>\n And the list above is exclusively composed of men. This is by no means to discredit the many dominant female hoopers who\u2019ve graced the court over the years\u2014Tamika Catchings, Maya Moore, Lauren Jackson, Lisa Leslie\u2014but it does speak to the gendered reality of sports. In 2019, just 5.7 percent of ESPN\u2019s Sportscenter coverage<\/a> was dedicated to women. Data collected between 2018 and 2020 found that men\u2019s NCAA basketball teams received 60 percent more funding<\/a> than their female counterparts. Women\u2019s sports have been undermarketed, underfunded, and woefully underappreciated.<\/p>\n The facts and figures are alarming, but in women\u2019s basketball<\/a> they are improving. This is due foremost to an influx of gifted, charismatic, politically active stars who have willed the WNBA into a genuine sporting attraction, even during the dog days of baseball-dominated summer. A\u2019ja Wilson is breaking scoring records and skewering intersectional oppression. Angel Reese\u2019s relentless motor on the glass\u2014and infectious charisma on the mic\u2014has brought attention to the game\u2019s inequities. Players Association President Nneka Ogwumike has been advocating for athletes and racking up All-Star selections since the Obama administration. Kelsey Plum will drop thirty and school you up<\/a> on WNBA economics. The league has never been so profuse with talent.<\/p>\n The W\u2019s ascension has been further aided by the munificence of billionaires. These include Joe Tsai, cofounder of Alibaba, who has largely sportswashed<\/a> away scrutiny over his ties to companies with horrific human rights records<\/a>. Since buying the New York Liberty, Tsai has financed an $80 million practice facility in Greenpoint, Brooklyn; invested in a media company dedicated to promoting women\u2019s sports; and moved Liberty home games from the Westchester County Center, where in 2019 they averaged about 2,000 fans, to downtown Brooklyn\u2019s Barclays Center, where they averaged close to 13,000 fans<\/a> during the 2024 season. Billionaire owner Mark Davis has made similar moves with the Las Vegas Aces: in 2023, they became the first WNBA team with their own practice facility. The Indiana Fever are set to join their ranks in 2027 with a $78 million facility in downtown Indianapolis, a basketball-crazed town at the center of a women\u2019s basketball boom.<\/p>\n The sport\u2019s rapid growth has also been spearheaded by Caitlin Clark, the Fever\u2019s dime-dropping, logo three-draining megastar point guard. Prior to her arrival in Indiana, Clark eviscerated her Big Ten competition at Iowa on her way to becoming the all-time NCAA scoring leader\u2014men\u2019s and women\u2019s\u2014and one of the most famous and bankable athletes in the United States. Three of the six most-watched basketball games in 2024 featured Clark\u2019s Iowa Hawkeyes, including an average viewership of 18.9 million in the national championship against South Carolina. (The men\u2019s NCAA championship averaged 14.8 million in 2024, while the 2024 NBA finals averaged just 11.3 million.)<\/p>\n Clark largely met lofty expectations during her 2024 rookie season in the WNBA. She led the perennially cellar-dwelling Fever to their first playoff appearance in eight years, earning rookie of the year and first-team All-WNBA honors along the way, and she propelled the most successful, lucrative season in the history of the W<\/a>\u2014her $76,000 salary be damned. TV viewership reached an all-time high, attendance rose 48 percent, and merchandise sales skyrocketed by 601 percent (Fever jersey sales went up a cool 1,193 percent). Overall revenue surged to somewhere in the vicinity of $200 million, and the league signed a new media rights deal that, according to estimates, will more than quadruple<\/a> broadcast dollars.<\/p>\n Despite record numbers across the board, the players themselves only received 9.3 percent of league revenue<\/a> last season. Their counterparts in the NBA, meanwhile, receive about 50 percent of basketball-related income (BRI), which makes up the vast majority of the league\u2019s overall revenue. The W\u2019s lopsided deal is a product of the last collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the league and the Women\u2019s National Basketball Players Association (WNBPA) in 2020. The players may have made headway in pay, family and maternity benefits, travel, and free agency, but their negotiated 50\/50 split on incremental revenue can be misleading. NBA players earn their negotiated share on all BRI\u2014to which their salary cap is directly tied\u2014whereas WNBA salaries are not formally linked to BRI, and players only get an equal split on the money earned beyond the league\u2019s yearly revenue target. That target has never been hit, thanks in no small part to its being determined by cumulative revenue<\/a>, which took a monumental hit during the pandemic; hence the putrid split.<\/p>\n The WNBPA has opted out of its current CBA\u2014a rarity in most unionized sectors, CBAs in pro sports league often include opt-out clauses\u2014which is now set to expire following the 2025 season. So while the W continues to enjoy record ratings and surging jersey sales, and while the on-court product continues to be some of the best basketball in the world, the future of the sport will be determined off the court, in boardroom meetings and late-night negotiations aimed at avoiding what both the league and the union would deem catastrophic in the middle of an unprecedented boom: a 2026 labor stoppage.<\/p>\n In my view, even more disastrous would be an inequitable deal that continues to deny players their fair share. (To be crystal clear: W players are not asking for the same salaries as the men, but for a similar percentage of their own league\u2019s revenue, as Kelsey Plum has explained<\/a>.) If a just agreement can\u2019t be reached\u2014and even if it can\u2014this inflection point in women\u2019s basketball is also an opportunity to consider larger questions surrounding the marriage of sports and capital: Can we imagine a pro-labor sporting world beyond the reach of antitrust-exempt cartels<\/a> and the whims of billionaires?<\/p>\n <\/p>\n I used to think visions of a more equitable sports landscape were the stuff of fiction, like the prescient 2019 film High Flying Bird. Penned by playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney and directed by Steven Soderbergh, High Flying Bird takes place amid a labor dispute and looming work stoppage in the NBA. The film centers on an entrepreneurial basketball agent, Ray (played by Andr\u00e9 Holland), and his efforts to buck the system when a video of his star client\u2019s impromptu pickup game goes viral. Ray tries to circumvent traditional league channels and develop a network of player-run, direct-to-consumer games. The owners quickly come to the bargaining table when they learn of the \u201clockout street ball\u201d events popping up around the country, but not before admitting to the players\u2019 ingenuity. \u201cYou know what I hate about this?\u201d says one owner. \u201cIt\u2019s exactly what I\u2019d do.\u201d<\/p>\n After the dust settles, Ray\u2019s mutiny is revealed to be, at least in part, a power play: he leverages his shrewd maneuvering into a (strongly implied) promotion. Ray may be looking out for his bottom line as much as the owners are, though he does wonder what would happen if the superstar pawn in his scheme was able to think bigger: \u201cHe ain\u2019t a game changer,\u201d laments Ray. \u201cHe\u2019s just happy to be playing the game.\u201d In today\u2019s NBA, the stars are brands unto themselves with more market power than ever before; owners are surely praying they maintain a similar level of complacency.<\/p>\n The latent power of the NBA\u2019s top draws was glimpsed during the (nonfictional) 2011 lockout. While an ongoing labor dispute was putting the season in jeopardy, the league\u2019s biggest names played in viral exhibition games at the Goodman League in D.C., the Melo League in Baltimore, and the Drew League in LA. The status quo was largely preserved in the eventual CBA, but the players\u2019 visibility outside traditional league channels boosted their bargaining power, and the lockout provided a fleeting glimpse of a labor-driven basketball world.<\/p>\n Caitlin Clark perhaps excepted, WNBA players are not the same economic behemoths as their male peers; they don\u2019t have the bargaining power of a LeBron, Steph, or Kevin Durant. This is due to a confluence of factors, ranging from a lack of funding on the youth level to comparatively minuscule marketing and promotional machines for the pros. But the women are now having a moment, and as the league\u2019s CBA nears expiration, the W\u2019s biggest stars are getting creative.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Unrivaled, the fledgling women\u2019s basketball league taking place during the W\u2019s offseason, is at the center of these creative, alternative visions for the future of the sport. Based in Miami, the six-team league wrapped up its first season in March. It boasts some of the W\u2019s top talent\u2014twenty-two of its thirty-six players have been league All-Stars\u2014and it\u2019s experimenting in drastic ways: games are three-on-three instead of five-on-five; the court is twenty-two feet shorter than the W\u2019s; shot clocks are eighteen seconds instead of twenty-four; and the final quarter ends not with a buzzer, but with a team reaching a set final score (known colloquially as an Elam Ending<\/a>). The shrunken court, swift possessions, and increased spacing resulted in relentlessly paced, high-scoring games. The fans tuning in\u2014present company included\u2014were treated to a delightful barrage of fast breaks.<\/p>\n Like its devoted (if still modest) fan base, participating players were pleased with Unrivaled. Its $220,000 average salary is just shy of the WNBA max<\/a>, despite the season being less than half as long, and the league\u2019s amenities received rave reviews. Team-specific practice facilities are anomalous in the W\u2014the Connecticut Sun have had to adjust practice plans for, among other things, Pilates classes and a toddler\u2019s birthday party<\/a>. There are no such issues at Unrivaled\u2019s private, 130,000-square-foot facility in Miami<\/a>, which includes weight rooms and practice gyms, onsite day care, chef-prepared meals, and massages. \u201cThey have everything you possibly need,\u201d said star forward Alyssa Thomas<\/a>.<\/p>\n WNBA athletes often supplement their salaries by playing overseas. (Women\u2019s GOAT Diana Taurasi skipped the entire 2015 season to take a lucrative contract with a Russian club, which paid fourteen times her W salary<\/a>.) One of Unrivaled\u2019s stated goals is to make these international moves less necessary. The budding league was initially devised as a means of helping players bypass the WNBA\u2019s draconian prioritization rule, a 2020 CBA clause designed to penalize players who head to Europe during the offseason (some players are even rewarded with \u201ctime-off\u201d bonuses for not joining another club). Historically, more than half the league plays internationally over the winter, and if they\u2019re not back by training camp they face fines and suspensions. Unrivaled\u2019s schedule allows the athletes to avoid W penalties, stay close to family, and still get paid.<\/p>\n It\u2019s perhaps no surprise that Unrivaled is doing right by the players, because Unrivaled is owned by the players. Founded by superstars Breanna Stewart and Napheesa Collier, the league is something of a capitalist unicorn in that it\u2019s been created for athletes by athletes (at least partially). Every player who participated in the inaugural season shared in a 15 percent equity pool, divvied up according to tenure and career accolades. The only similar model I\u2019m aware of in US sports is Premier League Lacrosse (PLL), founded in 2018, which offers stock options to all its players. (Believe it or not, Joe Tsai has his hand in this as well<\/a>.)<\/p>\n There\u2019s plenty to like about Unrivaled\u2019s financial and institutional makeup, but it isn\u2019t building a socialist sporting utopia. Morgan Stanley has joined the Unrivaled party<\/a>, as has ex-Milwaukee Bucks owner and private equity kingpin Marc Lasry, currently embroiled in a $100 million lawsuit<\/a> over alleged sexual misconduct. Unrivaled is certainly a trailblazer in the world of upstart sports leagues. It is not, however, immune to the harsh realities of the market, and one might even argue their limited player equity pools are more symbolic gestures meant to appease players than actual breaks with the profit-driven norm. In Unrivaled\u2014and the PLL, for that matter\u2014capital is still queen.<\/p>\n Unrivaled also isn\u2019t immune to the need for eyeballs, and its first season\u2019s ratings can be generously described as \u201cmiddling.\u201d Though the league was able to secure an impressive multiyear deal with TNT, they averaged just 221,000 viewers<\/a> over the course of the season, a far cry from the WNBA\u2019s 2024 average of 657,000 (W games on ESPN averaged 1.2 million). To be fair, Unrivaled is competing with NBA broadcasts, and lacks the W\u2019s brand recognition. And it is promising that Unrivaled almost broke even<\/a>; almost every upstart sports league hemorrhages money, the WNBA included.<\/p>\n Now in its twenty-ninth year, the W has never turned a profit. The NBA, whose Board of Governors founded the WNBA in 1996, has historically helped to keep the league afloat. Almost three decades later, the W still functionally operates as a subsidiary. This may seem like an advantage, as the NBA can provide hefty cash infusions and lend out its robust operational infrastructure. But there\u2019s a fine line between stability and stagnation, and the W\u2019s lack of organizational autonomy, coupled with a perpetual branding as its parent company\u2019s plucky, underachieving offspring, has seriously constrained its growth potential. The WNBA doesn\u2019t even negotiate its own media rights\u2014those are packaged together with the NBA<\/a>\u2014so it\u2019s unclear what it would be worth on the open market.<\/p>\n Given recent trends, the W\u2019s financial fortunes should change soon. And though its unprofitability is ammunition for naysayers to reject a more equitable revenue split, the W is still young compared to established men\u2019s leagues, and, I\u2019d argue, remains in something of a startup stage due to its historical lack of press coverage. The league exploded upon receiving more media attention. Keep covering it and it\u2019ll keep growing. And as individual teams rapidly become more valuable, an emphasis on the league\u2019s unprofitability is increasingly reductive: this year the New York Liberty were valued at $450 million, thirty times their 2019 valuation. Mark Davis bought the Aces for $2 million in 2021; they\u2019re now worth a reported $310 million<\/a>. Even the Connecticut Sun, one of the least valuable franchises in the league according to Forbes<\/a>, just sold for a record $325 million (the sale is pending final approval<\/a> by the WNBA Board of Governors). All this to say: the profits will come, and the athletes who built the league\u2019s skyrocketing value deserve a larger piece of the pie.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n While the W continues to defy even the most optimistic growth projections, Unrivaled is coming off a turbulent first year. Much of this can be chalked up to a jam-packed sports calendar and to the league\u2019s relative industry anonymity, but Unrivaled is further restricted by geography: its entire operation is confined to a small suburb of Miami. Even in an era of increased player popularity, civic and regional pride play a considerable role in sports fandom. This isn\u2019t a uniformly positive feature of sports, as city tax coffers are raided by billionaires for unwieldy stadium complexes with dubious economic benefits<\/a>. Nevertheless, from a fan engagement and retention standpoint, Unrivaled\u2019s relative lack of local fervor is an issue.<\/p>\n In year two, however, they might roll out a touring model, which would reportedly take the action<\/a> to college towns and non-WNBA cities. They could go a step further and directly tie teams to tour stops: Phantom Basketball Club becomes the Wisconsin Phantom; Mist Basketball Club becomes the Georgia Mist. This is a concept lifted from the PLL, which already has a touring model and began assigning each team to a specific market last year. Host cities were decided by, among other things, fan voting. When the tour stops in a team\u2019s \u201chome,\u201d they play two games over the course of the weekend instead of the usual one. After switching to its new format, the PLL saw huge growth<\/a>.<\/p>\n There are many other ways of expanding Unrivaled\u2019s cultural footprint: community engagement, sponsorship deals, fan activation. But none will be a bigger boon to its near-term success than a commitment from Caitlin Clark. Seven times more people tuned into watch Clark get drafted than to watch the Unrivaled championship; a Fever preseason contest featuring Clark received six times more viewers than the average Unrivaled game. The league is more than aware of her trajectory-altering potential, which is why it offered her an equity stake along with over $1 million<\/a> to participate in their inaugural season\u2014more than ten times her W salary. Yet Clark turned them down, which shouldn\u2019t come as a surprise. Thanks to her many lucrative brand deals, she doesn\u2019t need the cash, and after playing in the 2024 NCAA championship on April 7 and reporting to Fever training camp three weeks later, you can hardly blame her for wanting a full offseason of rest and recovery, out of the spotlight.<\/p>\n Whether or not Clark deserves that spotlight\u2014especially compared to other trailblazing female hoopers, most of them Black\u2014dominates the discourse. Clark herself has acknowledged her privilege<\/a> as a white player. \u201cBlack women [made] this league what it is,\u201d she said. Two things can be true: Clark is one of the most talented rookies in W history, and institutionalized racism plays a role in her marketability compared to her Black peers. So while the intersectional dimensions of her popularity deserve scrutiny, the indisputable fact remains that everyone is riding a wave set off by the earth-quaking gravity of Caitlin Clark. According to one estimate, she generated over a quarter<\/a> of WNBA economic activity last season.<\/p>\n If Clark does suit up for Unrivaled in year two, she could secure the immediate future of the league, and her profile could establish its player equity structure as a viable industry model. That might sound trivial, but the implications could be profound. For better or worse, sports have a vice grip on American culture, and right now they\u2019re in a mutually beneficial relationship with the market, reinforcing a capitalist reality so deep-seated that we can hardly imagine anything else. But what if, instead of aspiring to high wages in corporate sports cartels, young athletes dreamed of securing equity in a worker-owned league? What if, instead of reflecting the market\u2019s cutthroat competition and exploitation, the sporting world manifested labor solidarity, civic responsibility, and community?<\/p>\n I\u2019m not making a one-track argument for 100 percent player equity. Leagues like the PLL and Unrivaled, where the teams are all owned by the league, mix player equity pools and stock options with private investment. There are also beloved, publicly owned franchises like the Green Bay Packers, a nonprofit with over 500,000 shareholders and one of the richest histories, and smallest hometowns, in American sports. And there\u2019s plenty to like about the 50+1 rule in the German Bundesliga, where football clubs like Bayern Munich must ensure that their members\u2014usually fans\u2014maintain majority control. These are all rare exceptions to the industry norm, and they represent painfully incremental progress, but they\u2019re still steps in the right direction.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Even Caitlin Clark\u2019s paradigm-shattering market power can\u2019t overcome our political-economic reality. And while the American sports model, replete with sportswashed robber barons holding cities hostage for tax dollars, is in desperate need of transformation, it\u2019s hardly fair to ask female athletes to forgo newfound riches in order to develop a utopian sports commune while their male peers receive nine-figure contracts<\/a>. Upon ratification of the new CBA, I expect the status quo to mostly remain in place. Players are advocating to improve the system, not to upend it.<\/p>\n There are plenty of reasons to be optimistic about the new deal. Record ratings and attendance numbers have bolstered player leverage, as has the modest success of Unrivaled. A more equitable revenue split seems likely to be negotiated, where the players earn money on all basketball related income and not just on incremental revenue. Pay will likely at least double, and the salary cap will soften. Dedicated practice facilities will become more norm than anomaly, and family and retirement benefits will drastically improve<\/a>. Perhaps the prioritization rule will be loosened, if not outright abolished. And the WNBPA will make major headway in training, nutrition, and healthcare for both current and former players.<\/p>\n These wins, assuming they happen, should be lauded: they\u2019ll help to standardize and professionalize a league that, for far too long, has compelled its workforce to make do with subpar resources. Yet such wins will also entrench the industry\u2019s status quo. The WNBA\u2019s recent surge in popularity is one of the best things to happen in sports this decade, and it has emboldened players to demand more from their league and its owners. But the reigning top-down labor structure remains beyond scrutiny. \u201cPay Us What You Owe Us,\u201d read the players\u2019 warm-ups<\/a> at last month\u2019s All-Star Game. They\u2019re bargaining for higher wages\u2014a larger chunk of the revenue they themselves produce. They are not, so far, imagining anything fundamentally new.<\/p>\n Michael Knapp<\/strong>\u2019s writing has appeared or is forthcoming in the Los Angeles Review of Books, Public Books, Electric Literature, the Cleveland Review of Books, and elsewhere. He teaches at Irvine Valley College.<\/p>\n
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The Women\u2019s Basketball Boom
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