{"id":27739,"date":"2025-06-30T18:02:15","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T18:02:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/27739\/"},"modified":"2025-06-30T18:02:15","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T18:02:15","slug":"health-effects-associated-with-consumption-of-processed-meat-sugar-sweetened-beverages-and-trans-fatty-acids-a-burden-of-proof-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/27739\/","title":{"rendered":"Health effects associated with consumption of processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages and trans fatty acids: a Burden of Proof study"},"content":{"rendered":"
  • \n

    Monteiro, C. A. et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 22<\/b>, 936\u2013941 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lane, M. M. et al. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. Br. Med. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-077310<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mendoza, K. et al. Ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular disease: analysis of three large US prospective cohorts and a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet Reg. Health Am. 37<\/b>, 100859 (2024).<\/p>\n

    PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Srour, B. et al. Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Sant\u00e9). Br. Med. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l1451<\/a> (2019).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Brauer, M. et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403<\/b>, 2162\u20132203 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Deveci, G. & Tek, N. A. N-Nitrosamines: a potential hazard in processed meat products. J. Sci. Food Agric. 104<\/b>, 2551\u20132560 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lee, J.-G. et al. Effects of grilling procedures on levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meats. Food Chem. 199<\/b>, 632\u2013638 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zheng, W. & Lee, S.-A. Well-done meat intake, heterocyclic amine exposure, and cancer risk. Nutr. Cancer 61<\/b>, 437\u2013446 (2009).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez, L. et al. Identifying predictors of the visceral fat index in the obese and overweight population to manage obesity: a randomized intervention study. Obes. Facts 13<\/b>, 403\u2013414 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Huang, Y. et al. Associations of visceral adipose tissue, circulating protein biomarkers, and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 10<\/b>, 840866 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Marques, M. D. et al. Relation between visceral fat and coronary artery disease evaluated by multidetector computed tomography. Atherosclerosis 209<\/b>, 481\u2013486 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Oostindjer, M. et al. The role of red and processed meat in colorectal cancer development: a perspective. Meat Sci. 97<\/b>, 583\u2013596 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bellamri, M., Walmsley, S. J. & Turesky, R. J. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in humans. Genes Environ. 43<\/b>, 29 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lala, P. K. & Chakraborty, C. Role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Lancet Oncol. 2<\/b>, 149\u2013156 (2001).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Moorthy, B., Chu, C. & Carlin, D. J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from metabolism to lung cancer. Toxicol. Sci. 145<\/b>, 5\u201315 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Rao, C. V. Nitric oxide signaling in colon cancer chemoprevention. Mutat. Res. 555<\/b>, 107\u2013119 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    S\u00e1nchez-Pimienta, T. G., Batis, C., Lutter, C. K. & Rivera, J. A. Sugar-sweetened beverages are the main sources of added sugar intake in the Mexican population. J. Nutr. 146<\/b>, 1888S\u20131896S (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Vartanian, L. R., Schwartz, M. B. & Brownell, K. D. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Public Health 97<\/b>, 667\u2013675 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lara-Castor, L. et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries. Nat. Commun. 14<\/b>, 5957 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stender, S., Astrup, A. & Dyerberg, J. Ruminant and industrially produced trans fatty acids: health aspects. Food Nutr. Res. 52<\/b>, 1651 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mozaffarian, D. et al. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79<\/b>, 606\u2013612 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bendsen, N. T., Christensen, R., Bartels, E. M. & Astrup, A. Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 65<\/b>, 773\u2013783 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mozaffarian, D., Katan, M. B., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J. & Willett, W. C. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 354<\/b>, 1601\u20131613 (2006).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Naghavi, M. et al. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403<\/b>, 2100\u20132132 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zheng, P. et al. The Burden of Proof studies: assessing the evidence of risk. Nat. Med. 28<\/b>, 2038\u20132044 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Page, M. J. et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Br. Med. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ericson, U. et al. Food sources of fat may clarify the inconsistent role of dietary fat intake for incidence of type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 101<\/b>, 1065\u20131080 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Fretts, A. M. et al. Associations of processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake with incident diabetes: the Strong Heart Family Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95<\/b>, 752\u2013758 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Gu, X. et al. Red meat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of United States females and males. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 118<\/b>, 1153\u20131163 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Kurotani, K. et al. Red meat consumption is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women: a Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Br. J. Nutr. 110<\/b>, 1910\u20131918 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lajous, M. et al. Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes among French women. Diabetes Care 35<\/b>, 128\u2013130 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Liu, M. et al. Quantity and variety of food groups consumption and the risk of diabetes in adults: a prospective cohort study. Clin. Nutr. 40<\/b>, 5710\u20135717 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    M\u00e4nnist\u00f6, S., Kontto, J., Kataja-Tuomola, M., Albanes, D. & Virtamo, J. High processed meat consumption is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study. Br. J. Nutr. 103<\/b>, 1817\u20131822 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mari-Sanchis, A. et al. Meat consumption and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the SUN project: a highly educated middle-class population. PLoS ONE 11<\/b>, e0157990 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Montonen, J. et al. Food consumption and the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 59<\/b>, 441\u2013448 (2005).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Papier, K. et al. Meat consumption and risk of 25 common conditions: outcome-wide analyses in 475,000 men and women in the UK Biobank study. BMC Med. 19<\/b>, 53 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Son, J., Lee, Y. & Park, K. Effects of processed red meat consumption on the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases among Korean adults: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Eur. J. Nutr. 58<\/b>, 2477\u20132484 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Song, Y., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E. & Liu, S. A prospective study of red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly women. Diabetes Care 27<\/b>, 2108\u20132115 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Steinbrecher, A., Erber, E., Grandinetti, A., Kolonel, L. & Maskarinec, G. Meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Public Health Nutr. 14<\/b>, 568\u2013574 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Van Woudenbergh, G. J. et al. Meat consumption and its association with C-reactive protein and incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 35<\/b>, 1499\u20131505 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Villegas, R. et al. The association of meat intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes may be modified by body weight. Int. J. Med. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.3.152<\/a> (2006).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    The InterAct Consortium. Association between dietary meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetologia 56<\/b>, 47\u201359 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Al-Shaar, L. et al. Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study. BMJ https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m4141<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bernstein, A. M. et al. Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation 122<\/b>, 876\u2013883 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Burke, V. et al. Health-related behaviours as predictors of mortality and morbidity in Australian Aborigines. Prev. Med. 44<\/b>, 135\u2013142 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Haring, B. et al. Dietary protein intake and coronary heart disease in a large community based cohort: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. PLoS ONE 9<\/b>, e109552 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Iqbal, R. et al. Associations of unprocessed and processed meat intake with mortality and cardiovascular disease in 21 countries [Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study]: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 114<\/b>, 1049\u20131058 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Key, T. J. et al. Consumption of meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs and risk of ischemic heart disease: a prospective study of 7198 incident cases among 409 885 participants in the Pan-European EPIC Cohort. Circulation 139<\/b>, 2835\u20132845 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    M\u00f8ller, S. P., Mejborn, H., Christensen, A. I., Biltoft-Jensen, A. & Thygesen, L. C. Meat consumption, stratified by dietary quality, and risk of heart disease. Br. J. Nutr. 126<\/b>, 1881\u20131887 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Nagao, M. et al. Meat consumption in relation to mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 66<\/b>, 687\u2013693 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Saito, E. et al. Association between meat intake and mortality due to all-cause and major causes of death in a Japanese population. PLoS ONE 15<\/b>, e0244007 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Whiteman, D., Muir, J., Jones, L., Murphy, M. & Key, T. Dietary questions as determinants of mortality: the OXCHECK experience. Public Health Nutr. 2<\/b>, 477\u2013487 (1999).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bernstein, A. M. et al. Processed and unprocessed red meat and risk of colorectal cancer: analysis by tumor location and modification by time. PLoS ONE 10<\/b>, e0135959 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bostick, R. M. et al. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 5<\/b>, 38\u201352 (1994).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Chao, A. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 293<\/b>, 172 (2005).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Cross, A. J. et al. A large prospective study of meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: an investigation of potential mechanisms underlying this association. Cancer Res. 70<\/b>, 2406\u20132414 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    English, D. R. et al. Red meat, chicken, and fish consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13<\/b>, 1509\u20131514 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Etemadi, A. et al. Anatomical subsite can modify the association between meat and meat compounds and risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma: findings from three large US cohorts. Int. J. Cancer 143<\/b>, 2261\u20132270 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Flood, A. Meat, fat, and their subtypes as risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 158<\/b>, 59\u201368 (2003).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Gilsing, A. M. J. et al. Vegetarianism, low meat consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer in a population based cohort study. Sci. Rep. 5<\/b>, 13484 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Islam, Z. et al. Meat subtypes and colorectal cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 6 cohort studies in Japan. Cancer Sci. 110<\/b>, 3603\u20133614 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Knuppel, A. et al. Meat intake and cancer risk: prospective analyses in UK Biobank. Int. J. Epidemiol. 49<\/b>, 1540\u20131552 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Larsson, S. C., Rafter, J., Holmberg, L., Bergkvist, L. & Wolk, A. Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Int. J. Cancer 113<\/b>, 829\u2013834 (2005).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lin, J. Dietary fat and fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160<\/b>, 1011\u20131022 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mehta, S. S. et al. A prospective analysis of red and processed meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 29<\/b>, 141\u2013150 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mejborn, H., M\u00f8ller, S. P., Thygesen, L. C. & Biltoft-Jensen, A. Dietary intake of red meat, processed meat, and poultry and risk of colorectal cancer and all-cause mortality in the context of dietary guideline compliance. Nutrients 13<\/b>, 32 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Norat, T. et al. Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 97<\/b>, 906\u2013916 (2005).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ollberding, N. J., Wilkens, L. R., Henderson, B. E., Kolonel, L. N. & Le Marchand, L. Meat consumption, heterocyclic amines and colorectal cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Int. J. Cancer 131<\/b>, E1125\u2013E1133 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    O\u2019Sullivan, D. E. et al. Combinations of modifiable lifestyle behaviours in relation to colorectal cancer risk in Alberta\u2019s Tomorrow Project. Sci. Rep. 10<\/b>, 20561 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Pietinen, P. et al. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control 10<\/b>, 387\u2013396 (1999).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bhupathiraju, S. N. et al. Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97<\/b>, 155\u2013166 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Dhingra, R. et al. Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation 116<\/b>, 480\u2013488 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Eshak, E. S. et al. Soft drink, 100% fruit juice, and vegetable juice intakes and risk of diabetes mellitus. Clin. Nutr. 32<\/b>, 300\u2013308 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Fagherazzi, G. et al. Consumption of artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages and incident type 2 diabetes in the Etude Epidemiologique aupres des femmes de la Mutuelle Generale de l\u2019Education Nationale-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97<\/b>, 517\u2013523 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Gardener, H., Moon, Y. P., Rundek, T., Elkind, M. S. V. & Sacco, R. L. Diet soda and sugar-sweetened soda consumption in relation to incident diabetes in the Northern Manhattan Study. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2<\/b>, nzy008 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Hirahatake, K. M. et al. Cumulative intake of artificially sweetened and sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 110<\/b>, 733\u2013741 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Huang, M. et al. Artificially sweetened beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages, plain water, and incident diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: the prospective Women\u2019s Health Initiative observational study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 106<\/b>, 614\u2013622 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Montonen, J., J\u00e4rvinen, R., Knekt, P., Heli\u00f6vaara, M. & Reunanen, A. Consumption of sweetened beverages and intakes of fructose and glucose predict type 2 diabetes occurrence. J. Nutr. 137<\/b>, 1447\u20131454 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    O\u2019Connor, L. et al. Prospective associations and population impact of sweet beverage intake and type 2 diabetes, and effects of substitutions with alternative beverages. Diabetologia 58<\/b>, 1474\u20131483 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Odegaard, A. O., Koh, W.-P., Arakawa, K., Yu, M. C. & Pereira, M. A. Soft drink and juice consumption and risk of physician-diagnosed incident type 2 diabetes: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 171<\/b>, 701\u2013708 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Palmer, J. R. et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women. Arch. Intern. Med. 168<\/b>, 1487\u20131492 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Pan, A. et al. Plain-water intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95<\/b>, 1454\u20131460 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Papier, K. et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in Thai adults: results from an 8-year prospective study. Nutr. Diabetes 7<\/b>, e283 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Paynter, N. P. et al. Coffee and sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 164<\/b>, 1075\u20131084 (2006).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Sakurai, M. et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage and diet soda consumption and the 7-year risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Eur. J. Nutr. 53<\/b>, 251\u2013258 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Siqueira, J. H. et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components: results of the ELSA-Brasil study (2008\u20132010 and 2012\u20132014). J. Endocrinol. Invest. 46<\/b>, 159\u2013171 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Torres-Ibarra, L. et al. Regular consumption of soft drinks is associated with type 2 diabetes incidence in Mexican adults: findings from a prospective cohort study. Nutr. J. 19<\/b>, 126 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Viana Dias, J. P. et al. Consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Brazilian adults (CUME project). Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 33<\/b>, 789\u2013796 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    The InterAct consortium. Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: results from EPIC-InterAct. Diabetologia 56<\/b>, 1520\u20131530 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Eshak, E. S. et al. Soft drink intake in relation to incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and stroke subtypes in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Centre-based study cohort I. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 96<\/b>, 1390\u20131397 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Warfa, K., Drake, I., Wallstr\u00f6m, P., Engstr\u00f6m, G. & Sonestedt, E. Association between sucrose intake and acute coronary event risk and effect modification by lifestyle factors: Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Cohort Study. Br. J. Nutr. 116<\/b>, 1611\u20131620 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Pacheco, L. S. et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiovascular disease risk in the California Teachers Study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 9<\/b>, e014883 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Collin, L. J., Judd, S., Safford, M., Vaccarino, V. & Welsh, J. A. Association of sugary beverage consumption with mortality risk in US adults: a secondary analysis of data from the REGARDS Study. JAMA Netw. Open 2<\/b>, e193121 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Yang, B. et al. Added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of cardiovascular disease: findings from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative and a network meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutrients 14<\/b>, 4226 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mullee, A. et al. Association between soft drink consumption and mortality in 10 European countries. JAMA Intern. Med. 179<\/b>, 1479\u20131490 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Keller, A. et al. Substitution of sugar-sweetened beverages for other beverages and the risk of developing coronary heart disease: results from the Harvard Pooling Project of Diet and Coronary Disease. Prev. Med. 131<\/b>, 105970 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Pacheco, L. S. et al. Sugar- or artificially-sweetened beverage consumption, physical activity, and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults. Preprint at medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.04.17.23288711<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Laake, I. et al. A prospective study of intake of trans-fatty acids from ruminant fat, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and marine oils and mortality from CVD. Br. J. Nutr. 108<\/b>, 743\u2013754 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Li, Y. et al. Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 66<\/b>, 1538\u20131548 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Oomen, C. M. et al. Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study: a prospective population-based study. Lancet 357<\/b>, 746\u2013751 (2001).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Pietinen, P. et al. Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145<\/b>, 876\u2013887 (1997).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Virtanen, J. K., Mursu, J., Tuomainen, T.-P. & Voutilainen, S. Dietary fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34<\/b>, 2679\u20132687 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Xu, J. et al. Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease: the Strong Heart Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84<\/b>, 894\u2013902 (2006).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bouvard, V. et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. 16<\/b>, 1599\u20131600 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stern, M. C. et al. Genome-wide gene\u2013environment interaction analyses to understand the relationship between red meat and processed meat intake and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 33<\/b>, 400\u2013410 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    WHO Manual on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation Policies to Promote Healthy Diets (World Health Organization, 2022).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Andreyeva, T., Marple, K., Marinello, S., Moore, T. E. & Powell, L. M. Outcomes following taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 5<\/b>, e2215276 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    World Health Organization Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children (WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development (NHD), 2015).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025 9th edn (US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services, 2020).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Countdown to 2023: WHO 5-Year Milestone Report on Global Trans Fat Elimination 2023 (World Health Organization, 2024).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Freedman, L. S., Schatzkin, A., Midthune, D. & Kipnis, V. Dealing with dietary measurement error in nutritional cohort studies. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 103<\/b>, 1086\u20131092 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Kipnis, V. et al. Effect of measurement error on energy-adjustment models in nutritional epidemiology. Am. J. Epidemiol. 146<\/b>, 842\u2013855 (1997).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Dahm, C. C. Correcting measurement error in dietary exposure assessments: no piece of cake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 112<\/b>, 11\u201312 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    McCullough, L. E. & Byrd, D. A. Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am. J. Epidemiol. 192<\/b>, 1801\u20131805 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Willett, W. C., Howe, G. R. & Kushi, L. H. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65<\/b>, 1220S\u20131228S (1997).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Day, N. E. et al. Correlated measurement error\u2014implications for nutritional epidemiology. Int. J. Epidemiol. 33<\/b>, 1373\u20131381 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403<\/b>, 2133\u20132161 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Kassem, H. et al. Investigation and assessment of AI\u2019s role in nutrition\u2014an updated narrative review of the evidence. Nutrients 17<\/b>, 190 (2025).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zheng, J., Wang, J., Shen, J. & An, R. Artificial intelligence applications to measure food and nutrient intakes: scoping review. J. Med. Internet Res. 26<\/b>, e54557 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lo, F. P.-W. et al. AI-enabled wearable cameras for assisting dietary assessment in African populations. npj Digit. Med. 7<\/b>, 356 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Burgess, S., Foley, C. N., Allara, E., Staley, J. R. & Howson, J. M. M. A robust and efficient method for Mendelian randomization with hundreds of genetic variants. Nat. Commun. 11<\/b>, 376 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lai, W., Li, G., Peng, D., Li, N. & Wang, W. Mendelian randomization study reveals the relationship between dietary factors and respiratory diseases. Sci. Rep. 13<\/b>, 22601 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lescinsky, H. et al. Health effects associated with consumption of unprocessed red meat: a Burden of Proof study. Nat. Med. 28<\/b>, 2075\u20132082 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stanaway, J. D. et al. Health effects associated with vegetable consumption: a Burden of Proof study. Nat. Med. 28<\/b>, 2066\u20132074 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stevens, G. A. et al. Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet 388<\/b>, e19\u2013e23 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Pan, A. et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch. Intern. Med. 172<\/b>, 555\u2013563 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    de Souza, R. J. et al. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br. Med. J. 351<\/b>, h3978 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zhang, Y.-B., Jiang, Y.-W., Chen, J.-X., Xia, P.-F. & Pan, A. Association of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages or artificially sweetened beverages with mortality: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Adv. Nutr. 12<\/b>, 374\u2013383 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zheng, P., Barber, R., Sorensen, R. J. D., Murray, C. J. L. & Aravkin, A. Y. Trimmed constrained mixed effects models: formulations and algorithms. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 30<\/b>, 544\u2013556 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Monteiro, C. A. et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr.…\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":27740,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[15576,24042,6958,3655,834,210,6454,17781,913,911,1182,10542,67,132,68,24043],"class_list":{"0":"post-27739","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-nutrition","8":"tag-biomedicine","9":"tag-cancer-prevention","10":"tag-cancer-research","11":"tag-diabetes","12":"tag-general","13":"tag-health","14":"tag-infectious-diseases","15":"tag-metabolic-diseases","16":"tag-molecular-medicine","17":"tag-neurosciences","18":"tag-nutrition","19":"tag-risk-factors","20":"tag-united-states","21":"tag-unitedstates","22":"tag-us","23":"tag-vascular-diseases"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@us\/114773632322441829","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27739"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27739\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27739"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}