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<\/p>\nThe Nobel Prizes 2025 have officially kicked off with the first award for physiology or medicine announced, setting the stage for a week of global anticipation.<\/p>\n
Scientists Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi on Monday were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for \u201ctheir discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u201cTheir discoveries have laid the foundation for a new field of research and spurred the development of new treatments, for example for cancer and autoimmune diseases,\u201d the prize-awarding body said in a statement.<\/p>\n
The full schedule, spanning through October 13, maps out a rapid succession of announcements: medicine, followed by physics, chemistry, literature, peace and finally the economics prize.<\/p>\n
Here are details of the schedule and what to expect from this year\u2019s Nobel Prizes:<\/p>\n
What is the Nobel Prize?<\/p>\n
The Nobel Prizes are the most prestigious international awards, established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist best known for discovering dynamite.<\/p>\n
In his 1895 will, Nobel left the bulk of his fortune to fund the annual prizes, recognising those who \u201chave conferred the greatest benefit to humankind\u201d in the preceding year.<\/p>\n
The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901 for outstanding achievement in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace.<\/p>\n
In 1968, Sweden\u2019s central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, expanding the categories to six.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Who awards the Nobel Prizes, and how much is the prize money?<\/p>\n
The prizes are awarded by different institutions: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (for physics, chemistry and economics), the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institutet (for medicine), the Swedish Academy (for literature) and the Norwegian Nobel Committee (for peace).<\/p>\n
Each laureate receives a gold medal, a diploma and a cash award funded by the Nobel Foundation, which manages Nobel\u2019s endowment. This year\u2019s prizes amount to 11 million Swedish kronor ($1.2m) each.<\/p>\n
The prizes are formally presented on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel\u2019s death in 1896.<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
What is this year\u2019s Nobel Prizes schedule?<\/p>\n
The announcements began on Monday and will end a week later on October 13.<\/p>\n
Monday, October 6:<\/strong> physiology or medicine<\/p>\n Announced by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Wallenbergsalen, Nobel Forum, Solna, near Stockholm<\/p>\n Tuesday, October 7:<\/strong> physics<\/p>\n Announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm<\/p>\n Wednesday, October 8:<\/strong> chemistry<\/p>\n Announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm<\/p>\n Thursday, October 9<\/strong>: literature<\/p>\n Announced by the Swedish Academy, Stockholm<\/p>\n Friday, October 10:<\/strong> peace<\/p>\n Announced at the Norwegian Nobel Institute, Oslo, by the chairperson of the Norwegian Nobel Committee<\/p>\n Monday, October 13:<\/strong> economics<\/p>\n Announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm<\/p>\n The nomination process is designed to preserve secrecy and independence. Each year, the Nobel committees invite selected experts, past winners and academics to submit nominations by January 31.<\/p>\n The nominations are not made public, and committee members are forbidden from discussing their decisions for 50 years. Only nominators may choose to reveal their own submissions.<\/p>\n A person cannot nominate themselves, but they can be nominated multiple times by others.<\/p>\n After the deadline, committees spend months reviewing hundreds of entries, consulting specialists and narrowing the list to a few candidates.<\/p>\n Each prize has its own rhythm. The Peace Prize, which often recognises work from the past year, tends to be responsive to current global events.<\/p>\n The science prizes usually take decades to confirm after judges observe that discoveries have stood the test of time and can gauge their impact.<\/p>\n Why is the Nobel Peace Prize being watched closely this year?<\/p>\n The world is fraught with conflict, including an ongoing genocide in Gaza, a war in Ukraine, and civil wars and political repression in numerous countries.<\/p>\n However, the headlines and debates about this year\u2019s Nobel Peace Prize are rather outsized and focused on United States President Donald Trump for his relentless self-promotion \u2013 at times, claiming to deserve it for \u201cending seven wars\u201d.<\/p>\n At the United Nations, Trump told delegates, \u201cEveryone says that I should get the Nobel Peace Prize.\u201d On Tuesday, Trump reiterated that he \u201cdeserved\u201d to win the prize for the possibility of ending an eighth war, Israel\u2019s two-year-long war on Gaza.<\/p>\n However, experts have noted that his chances are slim. The Norwegian Nobel Committee typically focuses on the durability of peace, the promotion of international fraternity and the quiet work of institutions that strengthen those goals, experts argued.<\/p>\n Among this year\u2019s nominations for Trump were those from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Pakistan\u2019s government although both were made after the deadline for the 2025 award.<\/p>\n One of the Nobel-awarding bodies has also warned that academic freedom is under threat from the political interference by the Trump administration.<\/p>\n Ylva Engstrom, vice president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, said the Trump administration\u2019s changes were reckless. \u201cI think in both the short and long term, it can have devastating effects,\u201d she told the Reuters news agency in an interview. \u201cAcademic freedom \u2026 is one of the pillars of the democratic system.\u201d<\/p>\n However, Engstrom is not herself on any of the three committees that will award the prizes for chemistry, physics or economics.<\/p>\n Every year, the Nobel Prizes are formally awarded in twin ceremonies held in Stockholm and Oslo.<\/p>\n The Stockholm ceremony is attended by Sweden\u2019s royal family, and the laureates in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and economic sciences receive their medals and diplomas from the king.<\/p>\n In Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize is presented by the chairperson of the Norwegian Nobel Committee at the Oslo City Hall, honouring Nobel\u2019s wish that the Peace Prize be awarded in Norway.<\/p>\n Laureates are individually called to the stage, where they receive the Nobel medal, diploma and the monetary award. The ceremony also features speeches by committee chairpeople highlighting the significance of the discoveries and contributions.<\/p>\n The event is broadcast worldwide and followed by a Nobel Banquet at Stockholm\u2019s City Hall for more than 1,000 guests, including royalty, diplomats, scientists and past laureates.<\/p>\n Who won these prizes last year?<\/p>\n Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun were awarded the 2024 prize for medicine for discovering microRNAs, tiny RNA molecules that regulate gene expression after transcription.<\/p>\n In physics, John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton received the prize for research that laid the theoretical and computational foundations of modern machine learning and artificial neural networks. While Hopfield\u2019s models in the 1980s linked neuroscience and computation, Hinton\u2019s work revolutionised deep learning, enabling advances in image recognition, natural language processing and artificial intelligence systems.<\/p>\n In chemistry, the prize was shared by David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for breakthroughs in predicting and designing protein structures using computational models. Baker was honoured for developing algorithms that enable scientists to design new proteins with specific functions while Hassabis and Jumper from Google\u2019s DeepMind were recognised for creating AlphaFold, the AI system that predicted nearly all known protein structures with unprecedented accuracy.<\/p>\n In the literature category, the prize went to Han Kang, a South Korean novelist known for her haunting explorations of violence, identity and collective memory. Best known internationally for the novels The Vegetarian and Human Acts, Han was cited \u201cfor her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life\u201d.<\/p>\n In the peace category, the prize was awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organisations, honouring its decades-long campaign to abolish nuclear weapons and preserve the testimonies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors.<\/p>\n In economic sciences, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson shared the prize for their analysis of how institutions shape long-term economic growth and inequality. Their collaborative research, including the seminal work Why Nations Fail, demonstrated that inclusive political and economic institutions rather than geography or culture determine prosperity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The Nobel Prizes 2025 have officially kicked off with the first award for physiology or medicine announced, setting…\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":281841,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3],"tags":[113,440,337,50,18242,52092,129,67,132,68],"class_list":{"0":"post-281840","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-united-states","8":"category-us","9":"tag-conflict","10":"tag-europe","11":"tag-explainer","12":"tag-news","13":"tag-norway","14":"tag-science-and-technology","15":"tag-sweden","16":"tag-united-states","17":"tag-unitedstates","18":"tag-us"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@us\/115327638872762251","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/281840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=281840"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/281840\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/281841"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=281840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=281840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=281840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"people](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/2025-07-08T001857Z_780183260_RC2ZHFABNXP3_RTRMADP_3_USA-ISRAEL-1751934904.jpg\")
US President Donald Trump looks over a nomination letter after Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (not pictured) told him he nominated him for the Nobel Peace Prize during a dinner at the White House in Washington, DC, on July 7, 2025 [Kevin Lamarque\/Reuters]How is a person nominated for the prize?<\/p>\n![\"people](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/AP24345671001858-1733868470.jpg\")
People march in Oslo in honour of the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Nihon Hidankyo, a group that represents the survivors of the atomic bombings in Japan [File: Kin Cheung\/AP Photo]What happens at the Nobel Prize ceremony?<\/p>\n