However, while Carnot showed that the greater the difference between hot and cold<\/a>, the higher the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine, the principle neglects the influence of so-called quantum correlations.<\/p>\n Contrary to previous understandings the two researchers discovered that once you enter the quantum realm<\/a>, where particles become correlated, interacting in ways that defy classical physics, the Carnot efficiency limit begins to crumble.<\/p>\n \u201cThese are special bonds that form between particles on a very small scale,\u201d they said. \u201cFor the first time, we have derived generalized laws of thermodynamics that fully account for these correlations.\u201d<\/p>\n Their results indicate that thermal machines functioning at the atomic scale are capable of converting not only heat but also correlations into usable work. What\u2019s more, these systems can generate more output, allowing the efficiency of a quantum engine to exceed the conventional Carnot limit.<\/p>\n Redefining quantum physics<\/p>\n As per the researchers, the results deepen the world\u2019s knowledge at the atomic level.\u00a0It additionally offers new paths towards ultra-efficient quantum engines and nanoscale technologies. <\/p>\n \u201cTiny motors, no larger than a single atom, could become a reality in the future,\u201d Lutz elaborated in a press release<\/a>. \u201cIt is now also evident that these engines can achieve a higher maximum efficiency than larger heat engines.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/p>\n They believe that the better scientists understand the physical laws governing these tiny dimensions, the sooner humanity can harness them to build the technologies of tomorrow. These, among others, include ultra-efficient quantum motors capable of performing precise tasks at the nanoscale.<\/p>\n \u201cPerhaps one day such motors will power medical nanobots or control machines that process materials at the atomic level,\u201d the two researchers concluded. \u201cThe potential is enormously diverse.\u201d<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/A2_638416.jpg\" "\\"Scientists")
Eric Lutz, PhD, (right) and Milton Aguilar, PhD, (left) have gained new insights into the maximum efficiency of very small heat engines.
Credit: University of Stuttgart \/ Institute for Theoretical Physics I<\/a><\/p>\n