{"id":375963,"date":"2025-11-13T12:59:17","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T12:59:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/375963\/"},"modified":"2025-11-13T12:59:17","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T12:59:17","slug":"in-situ-structural-mechanism-of-epothilone-b-induced-cns-axon-regeneration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/375963\/","title":{"rendered":"In situ structural mechanism of epothilone-B-induced CNS axon regeneration"},"content":{"rendered":"
  • \n

    Curcio, M. & Bradke, F. Axon regeneration in the central nervous system: facing the challenges from the inside. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 34<\/b>, 495\u2013521 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    He, Z. & Jin, Y. Intrinsic control of axon regeneration. Neuron 90<\/b>, 437\u2013451 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Fawcett, J. W. The struggle to make CNS axons regenerate: why has it been so difficult? Neurochem. Res. 45<\/b>, 144\u2013158 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Sharp, D. J., Scott, G. & Leech, R. Network dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10<\/b>, 156\u2013166 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bradke, F., Fawcett, J. W. & Spira, M. E. Assembly of a new growth cone after axotomy: the precursor to axon regeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13<\/b>, 183\u2013193 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Schlaepfer, W. W. Calcium-induced degeneration of axoplasm in isolated segments of rat peripheral nerve. Brain Res. 69<\/b>, 203\u2013215 (1974).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Wolf, J. A., Stys, P. K., Lusardi, T., Meaney, D. & Smith, D. H. Traumatic axonal injury induces calcium influx modulated by tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. J. Neurosci. 21<\/b>, 1923\u20131930 (2001).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ziv, N. E. & Spira, M. E. Axotomy induces a transient and localized elevation of the free intracellular calcium concentration to the millimolar range. J. Neurophysiol. 74<\/b>, 2625\u20132637 (1995).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Schlaepfer, W. W. & Bunge, R. P. Effects of calcium ion concentration on the degeneration of amputated axons in tissue culture. J. Cell Biol. 59<\/b>, 456\u2013470 (1973).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ramon y Cajal, S. & May, R. M. Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System (Oxford Univ. Press, 1928).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Li, D., Field, P. M. & Raisman, G. Failure of axon regeneration in postnatal rat entorhinohippocampal slice coculture is due to maturation of the axon, not that of the pathway or target. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7<\/b>, 1164\u20131171 (1995).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tang-Schomer, M. D., Patel, A. R., Baas, P. W. & Smith, D. H. Mechanical breaking of microtubules in axons during dynamic stretch injury underlies delayed elasticity, microtubule disassembly, and axon degeneration. FASEB J. 24<\/b>, 1401\u20131410 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Erturk, A., Hellal, F., Enes, J. & Bradke, F. Disorganized microtubules underlie the formation of retraction bulbs and the failure of axonal regeneration. J. Neurosci. 27<\/b>, 9169\u20139180 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Blanquie, O. & Bradke, F. Cytoskeleton dynamics in axon regeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 51<\/b>, 60\u201369 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tedeschi, A. et al. ADF\/cofilin-mediated actin turnover promotes axon regeneration in the adult CNS. Neuron 103<\/b>, 1073\u20131085.e1076 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stern, S. et al. RhoA drives actin compaction to restrict axon regeneration and astrocyte reactivity after CNS injury. Neuron 109<\/b>, 3436\u20133455.e9 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Wu, D. et al. Chronic neuronal activation increases dynamic microtubules to enhance functional axon regeneration after dorsal root crush injury. Nat. Commun. 11<\/b>, 6131 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Hellal, F. et al. Microtubule stabilization reduces scarring and causes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. Science 331<\/b>, 928\u2013931 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Sengottuvel, V., Leibinger, M., Pfreimer, M., Andreadaki, A. & Fischer, D. Taxol facilitates axon regeneration in the mature CNS. J. Neurosci. 31<\/b>, 2688\u20132699 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ruschel, J. et al. Systemic administration of epothilone B promotes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. Science 348<\/b>, 347\u2013352 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Brunden, K. R. et al. The characterization of microtubule-stabilizing drugs as possible therapeutic agents for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related tauopathies. Pharmacol. Res. 63<\/b>, 341\u2013351 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Nettles, J. H. et al. The binding mode of epothilone A on alpha,beta-tubulin by electron crystallography. Science 305<\/b>, 866\u2013869 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Prota, A. E. et al. Molecular mechanism of action of microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agents. Science 339<\/b>, 587\u2013590 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Howes, S. C. et al. Structural differences between yeast and mammalian microtubules revealed by cryo-EM. J. Cell Biol. 216<\/b>, 2669\u20132677 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Perez, E. A. et al. Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in a phase II study of patients with advanced breast cancer resistant to an anthracycline, a taxane, and capecitabine. J. Clin. Oncol. 25<\/b>, 3407\u20133414 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Colom, A. et al. A fluorescent membrane tension probe. Nat. Chem. 10<\/b>, 1118\u20131125 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Skaliora, I., Adams, R. & Blakemore, C. Morphology and growth patterns of developing thalamocortical axons. J. Neurosci. 20<\/b>, 3650\u20133662 (2000).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Goodson, H. V. & Jonasson, E. M. Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 10<\/b>, a022608 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Chretien, D., Metoz, F., Verde, F., Karsenti, E. & Wade, R. H. Lattice defects in microtubules: protofilament numbers vary within individual microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 117<\/b>, 1031\u20131040 (1992).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mizuno, N. et al. Dynein and kinesin share an overlapping microtubule-binding site. EMBO J. 23<\/b>, 2459\u20132467 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Baas, P. W., Rao, A. N., Matamoros, A. J. & Leo, L. Stability properties of neuronal microtubules. Cytoskeleton 73<\/b>, 442\u2013460 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Moores, C. A. et al. Mechanism of microtubule stabilization by doublecortin. Mol. Cell 14<\/b>, 833\u2013839 (2004).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tymanskyj, S. R. & Ma, L. MAP7 prevents axonal branch retraction by creating a stable microtubule boundary to rescue polymerization. J. Neurosci. 39<\/b>, 7118\u20137131 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Heidemann, S. R., Landers, J. M. & Hamborg, M. A. Polarity orientation of axonal microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 91<\/b>, 661\u2013665 (1981).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Burton, P. R. & Paige, J. L. Polarity of axoplasmic microtubules in the olfactory nerve of the frog. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 78<\/b>, 3269\u20133273 (1981).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Baas, P. W. & Lin, S. Hooks and comets: the story of microtubule polarity orientation in the neuron. Dev. Neurobiol. 71<\/b>, 403\u2013418 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zhang, R., LaFrance, B. & Nogales, E. Separating the effects of nucleotide and EB binding on microtubule structure. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115<\/b>, E6191\u2013E6200 (2018).<\/p>\n

    ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Itzhak, D. N., Tyanova, S., Cox, J. & Borner, G. H. Global, quantitative and dynamic mapping of protein subcellular localization. eLife 5<\/b>, e16950 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Hiller, G. & Weber, K. Radioimmunoassay for tubulin: a quantitative comparison of the tubulin content of different established tissue culture cells and tissues. Cell 14<\/b>, 795\u2013804 (1978).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Nedozralova, H. et al. In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals local cellular machineries for axon branch development. J. Cell Biol. 221<\/b>, e202106086 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Myers, K. A. & Baas, P. W. Kinesin-5 regulates the growth of the axon by acting as a brake on its microtubule array. J. Cell Biol. 178<\/b>, 1081\u20131091 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Cuveillier, C. et al. MAP6 is an intraluminal protein that induces neuronal microtubules to coil. Sci. Adv. 6<\/b>, eaaz4344 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Chakraborty, S. et al. Cryo-ET suggests tubulin chaperones form a subset of microtubule lumenal particles with a role in maintaining neuronal microtubules. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122<\/b>, e2404017121 (2025).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Wang, Q., Crevenna, A. H., Kunze, I. & Mizuno, N. Structural basis for the extended CAP-Gly domains of p150(glued) binding to microtubules and the implication for tubulin dynamics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111<\/b>, 11347\u201311352 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ayukawa, R. et al. GTP-dependent formation of straight tubulin oligomers leads to microtubule nucleation. J. Cell Biol. 220<\/b>, e202007033 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    McIntosh, J. R. et al. Microtubules grow by the addition of bent guanosine triphosphate tubulin to the tips of curved protofilaments. J. Cell Biol. 217<\/b>, 2691\u20132708 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mandelkow, E. M., Mandelkow, E. & Milligan, R. A. Microtubule dynamics and microtubule caps: a time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy study. J. Cell Biol. 114<\/b>, 977\u2013991 (1991).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ojeda-Lopez, M. A. et al. Transformation of Taxol-stabilized microtubules into inverted tubulin tubules triggered by a tubulin conformation switch. Nat. Mater. 13<\/b>, 195\u2013203 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Basnet, N. et al. Direct induction of microtubule branching by microtubule nucleation factor SSNA1. Nat. Cell Biol. 20<\/b>, 1172\u20131180 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zhang, B. et al. Synaptic vesicle size and number are regulated by a clathrin adaptor protein required for endocytosis. Neuron 21<\/b>, 1465\u20131475 (1998).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Silver, J., Schwab, M. E. & Popovich, P. G. Central nervous system regenerative failure: role of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 7<\/b>, a020602 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Richardson, P. M., McGuinness, U. M. & Aguayo, A. J. Axons from CNS neurons regenerate into PNS grafts. Nature 284<\/b>, 264\u2013265 (1980).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Liu, K., Tedeschi, A., Park, K. K. & He, Z. Neuronal intrinsic mechanisms of axon regeneration. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 34<\/b>, 131\u2013152 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Cho, Y., Sloutsky, R., Naegle, K. M. & Cavalli, V. Injury-induced HDAC5 nuclear export is essential for axon regeneration. Cell 155<\/b>, 894\u2013908 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Rishal, I. & Fainzilber, M. Axon-soma communication in neuronal injury. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15<\/b>, 32\u201342 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Varadarajan, S. G., Hunyara, J. L., Hamilton, N. R., Kolodkin, A. L. & Huberman, A. D. Central nervous system regeneration. Cell 185<\/b>, 77\u201394 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tian, F. et al. Core transcription programs controlling injury-induced neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Neuron 110<\/b>, 2607\u20132624.e2608 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Moeendarbary, E. et al. The soft mechanical signature of glial scars in the central nervous system. Nat. Commun. 8<\/b>, 14787 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Giger, R. J., Hollis, E. R. 2nd & Tuszynski, M. H. Guidance molecules in axon regeneration. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2<\/b>, a001867 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Gallo, V. & Deneen, B. Glial development: the crossroads of regeneration and repair in the CNS. Neuron 83<\/b>, 283\u2013308 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Farias, G. G., Guardia, C. M., Britt, D. J., Guo, X. & Bonifacino, J. S. Sorting of dendritic and axonal vesicles at the pre-axonal exclusion zone. Cell Rep. 13<\/b>, 1221\u20131232 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Yang, R. et al. A novel strategy to visualize vesicle-bound kinesins reveals the diversity of kinesin-mediated transport. Traffic 20<\/b>, 851\u2013866 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Dunn, S. et al. Differential trafficking of Kif5c on tyrosinated and detyrosinated microtubules in live cells. J. Cell Sci. 121<\/b>, 1085\u20131095 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9<\/b>, 676\u2013682 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bodakuntla, S., Magiera, M. M. & Janke, C. Measuring the impact of tubulin posttranslational modifications on axonal transport. Methods Mol. Biol. 2101<\/b>, 353\u2013370 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Hagen, W. J. H., Wan, W. & Briggs, J. A. G. Implementation of a cryo-electron tomography tilt-scheme optimized for high resolution subtomogram averaging. J. Struct. Biol. 197<\/b>, 191\u2013198 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zheng, S. Q. et al. MotionCor2: anisotropic correction of beam-induced motion for improved cryo-electron microscopy. Nat. Methods 14<\/b>, 331\u2013332 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mastronarde, D. N. & Held, S. R. Automated tilt series alignment and tomographic reconstruction in IMOD. J. Struct. Biol. 197<\/b>, 102\u2013113 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tegunov, D. & Cramer, P. Real-time cryo-electron microscopy data preprocessing with Warp. Nat. Methods 16<\/b>, 1146\u20131152 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Scheres, S. H. RELION: implementation of a Bayesian approach to cryo-EM structure determination. J. Struct. Biol. 180<\/b>, 519\u2013530 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Punjani, A., Rubinstein, J. L., Fleet, D. J. & Brubaker, M. A. cryoSPARC: algorithms for rapid unsupervised cryo-EM structure determination. Nat. Methods 14<\/b>, 290\u2013296 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Grigorieff, N. Frealign: an exploratory tool for single-particle Cryo-EM. Methods Enzymol. 579<\/b>, 191\u2013226 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zhang, R. & Nogales, E. A new protocol to accurately determine microtubule lattice seam location. J. Struct. Biol. 192<\/b>, 245\u2013254 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Meng, E. C. et al. UCSF ChimeraX: tools for structure building and analysis. Protein Sci. 32<\/b>, e4792 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Emsley, P., Lohkamp, B., Scott, W. G. & Cowtan, K. Features and development of Coot. Acta Crystallogr. D 66<\/b>, 486\u2013501 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Afonine, P. V. et al. Real-space refinement in PHENIX for cryo-EM and crystallography. Acta Crystallogr. D 74<\/b>, 531\u2013544 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Rusu, M., Starosolski, Z., Wahle, M., Rigort, A. & Wriggers, W. Automated tracing of filaments in 3D electron tomography reconstructions using Sculptor and Situs. J. Struct. Biol. 178<\/b>, 121\u2013128 (2012).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Martinez-Sanchez, A. et al. Template-free detection and classification of membrane-bound complexes in cryo-electron tomograms. Nat. Methods 17<\/b>, 209\u2013216 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Sousbie, T. The persistent cosmic web and its filamentary structure – I. Theory and implementation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414<\/b>, 350\u2013383 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Comaniciu, D. & Meer, P. Mean shift: a robust approach toward feature space analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24<\/b>, 603\u2013619 (2002).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Digman, M. A., Caiolfa, V. R., Zamai, M. & Gratton, E. The phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis. Biophys. J. 94<\/b>, L14\u2013L16 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Curcio, M. & Bradke, F. Axon regeneration in the central nervous system: facing the challenges from the inside.…\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":375964,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[180874,10046,180875,10047,159,67,132,68],"class_list":{"0":"post-375963","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science","8":"tag-cryoelectron-tomography","9":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","10":"tag-microtubules","11":"tag-multidisciplinary","12":"tag-science","13":"tag-united-states","14":"tag-unitedstates","15":"tag-us"},"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@us\/115542519501639974","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/375963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=375963"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/375963\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/375964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=375963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=375963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=375963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}