Here\u2019s what you\u2019ll learn when you read this story:<\/p>\n
One major division of the kingdom Animalia is Cnidarians (animals built around a central point) and bilaterians (animals with bilateral symmetry), which includes us humans.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
A study found that the sea anemone, a member of the Cnidarian phylum, uses bilaterian-like techniques to form its body.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
This suggests that these techniques likely evolved before these two phyla separated evolutionarily some 600 to 700 million years ago, though it can’t be ruled out that these techniques evolved independently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Make a list of complex animals as distantly related to humans as possible, and sea anemones would likely be near the top of the list. Of course, one lives in the water and the other doesn\u2019t, but the differences are more biologically fundamental than that\u2014sea anemones don\u2019t even have brains.<\/p>\n
So it\u2019s surprising that this species in the phylum Cnidarians (along with jellyfish<\/a>, corals, and other sea creatures) contains an ancient blueprint for bilaterians, of which Homo sapiens are a card-carrying member.<\/p>\n A study by a team of scientists at the University of Vienne discovered that sea anemones, whose Cnidarian status means they grow radially around a central point (after all, what is the \u201cface\u201d of a jellyfish), use a technique commonly associated with bilaterians, known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) shuttling, to build their bodies. This complicates the picture of exactly when this technique evolved or if it possibly evolved independently of bilaterians. The results of the study were published last year in the journal Science Advances<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u201cNot all Bilateria use Chordin-mediated BMP shuttling, for example, frogs<\/a> do, but fish don\u2019t, however, shuttling seems to pop up over and over again in very distantly related animals making it a good candidate for an ancestral patterning mechanism,\u201d University of Vienna\u2019s David M\u00f6rsdorf, a lead author of the study, said in a press statement. \u201cThe fact that not only bilaterians but also sea anemones use shuttling to shape their body axes, tells us that this mechanism is incredibly ancient.\u201d<\/p>\n To put it simply, BMPs are a kind of molecular messenger that signals to embryonic cells<\/a> where they are in the body and what kind of tissue they should form. Local inhibition from an inhibitor named Chordin (which can also act as a shuttle) along with BMP shuttling creates gradients of BMP in the body. When these levels are their lowest, for example, the body knows to form the central nervous system. Moderate levels signal kidney development, and maximum levels signal the formation of the skin of the belly. This is how bilaterians form the body\u2019s layout from back to body.<\/p>\n