{"id":666009,"date":"2026-03-19T04:21:16","date_gmt":"2026-03-19T04:21:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/666009\/"},"modified":"2026-03-19T04:21:16","modified_gmt":"2026-03-19T04:21:16","slug":"broadly-stable-atmospheric-co2-and-ch4-levels-over-the-past-3-million-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/666009\/","title":{"rendered":"Broadly stable atmospheric CO2 and CH4 levels over the past 3 million years"},"content":{"rendered":"
  • \n

    L\u00fcthi, D. et al. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000\u2013800,000 years before present. Nature 453<\/b>, 379\u2013382 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bereiter, B. et al. Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42<\/b>, 542\u2013549 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Loulergue, L. et al. Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years. Nature 453<\/b>, 383\u2013386 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Whillans, I. M. & Cassidy, W. A. Catch a falling star: meteorites and old ice. Science 222<\/b>, 55\u201357 (1983).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Higgins, J. A. et al. Atmospheric composition 1 million years ago from blue ice in the Allan Hills, Antarctica. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112<\/b>, 6887\u20136891 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Yan, Y. et al. Two-million-year-old snapshots of atmospheric gases from Antarctic ice. Nature 574<\/b>, 663\u2013666 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Shackleton, S. et al. Miocene and Pliocene ice and air from the Allan Hills blue ice area, East Antarctica. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122<\/b>, e2502681122 (2025).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Clark, P. U., Shakun, J. D., Rosenthal, Y., K\u00f6hler, P. & Bartlein, P. J. Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years. Science 383<\/b>, 884\u2013890 (2024).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Clark, P. U. et al. Global mean sea level over the past 4.5 million years. Science 390<\/b>, eadv8389 (2025).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Shackleton, N. J. et al. Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region. Nature 307<\/b>, 620\u2013623 (1984).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Clark, P. U. et al. The middle Pleistocene transition: characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25<\/b>, 3150\u20133184 (2006).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    DeConto, R. M. et al. Thresholds for Cenozoic bipolar glaciation. Nature 455<\/b>, 652\u2013656 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Vizca\u00edno, M., Rupper, S. & Chiang, J. C. H. Permanent El Ni\u00f1o and the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciations: mechanism and comparison with other hypotheses. Paleoceanography 25<\/b>, PA2205 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Berends, C. J., K\u00f6hler, P., Lourens, L. J. & van de Wal, R. S. W. On the cause of the mid-Pleistocene transition. Rev. Geophys. 59<\/b>, e2020RG000727 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ridgwell, A. & Zeebe, R. The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234<\/b>, 299\u2013315 (2005).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zeebe, R. E. & Caldeira, K. Close mass balance of long-term carbon fluxes from ice-core CO2 and ocean chemistry records. Nat. Geosci. 1<\/b>, 312\u2013315 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Hopcroft, P. O. et al. Polar amplification of Pliocene climate by elevated trace gas radiative forcing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117<\/b>, 23401\u201323407 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Rae, J. W. B. et al. Atmospheric CO2 over the past 66 million years from marine archives. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 49<\/b>, 609\u2013641 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    The Cenozoic CO2 Proxy Integration Project (CenCO2PIP) Consortium Toward a Cenozoic history of atmospheric CO2. Science 382<\/b>, eadi5177 (2023)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bender, M. L., Barnett, B., Dreyfus, G., Jouzel, J. & Porcelli, D. The contemporary degassing rate of 40Ar from the solid Earth. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105<\/b>, 8232\u20138237 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Yan, Y. et al. Enhanced moisture delivery into Victoria Land, East Antarctica, during the early Last Interglacial: implications for West Antarctic Ice Sheet stability. Clim. Past 17<\/b>, 1841\u20131855 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Spaulding, N. E. et al. Climate archives from 90 to 250 ka in horizontal and vertical ice cores from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area. Antarctica. Quat. Res. 80<\/b>, 562\u2013574 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bereiter, B., Schwander, J., L\u00fcthi, D. & Stocker, T. F. Change in CO2 concentration and O2\/N2 ratio in ice cores due to molecular diffusion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36<\/b>, L05703 (2009).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ikeda, T. et al. Extreme fractionation of gases caused by formation of clathrate hydrates in Vostok Antarctic Ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26<\/b>, 91\u201394 (1999).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Extier, T. et al. On the use of \u03b418Oatm for ice core dating. Quat. Sci. Rev. 185<\/b>, 244\u2013257 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bouchet, M. et al. The Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2023 (AICC2023) chronological framework and associated timescale for the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C ice core. Clim. Past 19<\/b>, 2257\u20132286 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Landais, A. et al. What drives the millennial and orbital variations of \u03b418Oatm? Quat. Sci. Rev. 29<\/b>, 235\u2013246 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Berner, W., Stauffer, B. & Oeschger, H. Past atmospheric composition and climate, gas parameters measured on ice cores. Nature 276<\/b>, 53\u201355 (1978).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Neftel, A., Oeschger, H., Schwander, J. & Stauffer, B. Carbon dioxide concentration in bubbles of natural cold ice. J. Phys. Chem. 87<\/b>, 4116\u20134120 (1983).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Anklin, M., Barnola, J.-M., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B. & Raynaud, D. Processes affecting the CO2 concentrations measured in Greenland ice. Tellus B 47<\/b>, 461\u2013470 (1995).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Souchez, R., Janssens, L., Lemmens, M. & Stauffer, B. Very low oxygen concentration in basal ice from Summit, central Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22<\/b>, 2001\u20132004 (1995).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Smith, H. J., Wahlen, M., Mastroianni, D., Taylor, K. & Mayewski, P. The CO2 concentration of air trapped in Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice formed during periods of rapid climate change. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 102<\/b>, 26577\u201326582 (1997).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Eggleston, S., Schmitt, J., Bereiter, B., Schneider, R. & Fischer, H. Evolution of the stable carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 over the last glacial cycle. Paleoceanography 31<\/b>, 434\u2013452 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bauska, T. K., Marcott, S. A. & Brook, E. J. Abrupt changes in the global carbon cycle during the last glacial period. Nat. Geosci. 14<\/b>, 91\u201396 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Chalk, T. B. et al. Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114<\/b>, 13114\u201313119 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    H\u00f6nisch, B., Hemming, N. G., Archer, D., Siddall, M. & McManus, J. F. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration across the mid-Pleistocene transition. Science 324<\/b>, 1551\u20131554 (2009).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Shackleton, S. et al. Global ocean heat content over the past 3 million years. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-10116-3<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Snyder, C. W. Evolution of global temperature over the past two million years. Nature 538<\/b>, 226\u2013228 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Brierley, C. M. & Fedorov, A. V. Relative importance of meridional and zonal sea surface temperature gradients for the onset of the ice ages and Pliocene-Pleistocene climate evolution. Paleoceanography 25<\/b>, PA2214 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mart\u00ednez-Garcia, A., Rosell-Mel\u00e9, A., McClymont, E. L., Gersonde, R. & Haug, G. H. Subpolar link to the emergence of the modern Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue. Science 328<\/b>, 1550\u20131553 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Howell, F. W., Haywood, A. M., Dowsett, H. J. & Pickering, S. J. Sensitivity of Pliocene Arctic climate to orbital forcing, atmospheric CO2 and sea ice albedo parameterisation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 441<\/b>, 133\u2013142 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Feng, R. et al. Amplified Late Pliocene terrestrial warmth in northern high latitudes from greater radiative forcing and closed Arctic Ocean gateways. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 466<\/b>, 129\u2013138 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Burton, L. E. et al. On the climatic influence of CO2 forcing in the Pliocene. Clim. Past 19<\/b>, 747\u2013764 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Siever, R. Sedimentological consequences of a steady-state ocean-atmosphere. Sedimentology 11<\/b>, 5\u201329 (1968).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Walker, J. C. G. Carbon dioxide on the early earth. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 16<\/b>, 117\u2013127 (1985).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Coogan, L. A. & Dosso, S. E. Controls on the evolution of Cenozoic seawater chemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 329<\/b>, 22\u201337 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Isson, T. T. et al. Evolution of the global carbon cycle and climate regulation on Earth. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 34<\/b>, e2018GB006061 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Takahashi, T., Olafsson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W. & Sutherland, S. C. Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: a comparative study. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7<\/b>, 843\u2013878 (1993).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic \u03b418O records. Paleoceanography 20<\/b>, PA1003 (2005).<\/p>\n

    ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Steig, E. J. et al. Calibrated high-precision 17O-excess measurements using cavity ring-down spectroscopy with laser-current-tuned cavity resonance. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7<\/b>, 2421\u20132435 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Ahn, J., Brook, E. J. & Howell, K. A high-precision method for measurement of paleoatmospheric CO2 in small polar ice samples. J. Glaciol. 55<\/b>, 499\u2013506 (2009).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Grachev, A. M., Brook, E. J., Severinghaus, J. P. & Pisias, N. G. Relative timing and variability of atmospheric methane and GISP2 oxygen isotopes between 68 and 86\u2009ka. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 23<\/b>, GB3003 (2009).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Lee, J. E. et al. An 83,000-year-old ice core from Roosevelt Island, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Clim. Past 16<\/b>, 1691\u20131713 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Epifanio, J. A. et al. Millennial and orbital-scale variability in a 54,000-year record of total air content from the South Pole ice core. Cryosphere 17<\/b>, 4837\u20134851 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bauska, T. K., Brook, E. J., Mix, A. C. & Ross, A. High-precision dual-inlet IRMS measurements of the stable isotopes of CO2 and the N2O\/CO2 ratio from polar ice core samples. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7<\/b>, 3825\u20133837 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Assonov, S. S. & Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. On the N2O correction used for mass spectrometric analysis of atmospheric CO2. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20<\/b>, 1809\u20131819 (2006).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Schneider, R., Schmitt, J., K\u00f6hler, P., Joos, F. & Fischer, H. A reconstruction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its stable carbon isotopic composition from the penultimate glacial maximum to the last glacial inception. Clim. Past 9<\/b>, 2507\u20132523 (2013).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Bauska, T. K. et al. Carbon isotopes characterize rapid changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the last deglaciation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113<\/b>, 3465\u20133470 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Menking, J. A. et al. Multiple carbon cycle mechanisms associated with the glaciation of Marine Isotope Stage 4. Nat. Commun. 13<\/b>, 5443 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tipple, B. J., Meyers, S. R. & Pagani, M. Carbon isotope ratio of Cenozoic CO2: a comparative evaluation of available geochemical proxies. Paleoceanography 25<\/b>, PA3202 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Sowers, T., Bender, M. & Raynaud, D. Elemental and isotopic composition of occluded O2 and N2 in polar ice. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 94<\/b>, 5137\u20135150 (1989).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Baggenstos, D. et al. Atmospheric gas records from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, reveal ancient ice with ages spanning the entire last glacial cycle. Clim. Past 13<\/b>, 943\u2013958 (2017).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stolper, D. A., Bender, M. L., Dreyfus, G. B., Yan, Y. & Higgins, J. A. A Pleistocene ice core record of atmospheric O2 concentrations. Science 353<\/b>, 1427\u20131430 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Yan, Y., Brook, E., Kurbatov, A., Severinghaus, J. & Higgins, J. Ice core evidence for atmospheric oxygen decline since the Mid-Pleistocene transition. Sci. Adv. 7<\/b>, eabj9341 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Durand, G. et al. Change in ice rheology during climate variations \u2013 implications for ice flow modelling and dating of the EPICA Dome C core. Clim. Past 3<\/b>, 155\u2013167 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Krauss, F. Optimisation of a Continuous Sublimation Extraction Technique to Reconstruct Past CO2, CH4, and N2O Concentrations and \u03b413C-CO2 from Ice Cores. PhD thesis, Univ. Bern (2024).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zhang, J., Quay, P. D. & Wilbur, D. O. Carbon isotope fractionation during gas-water exchange and dissolution of CO2. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59<\/b>, 107\u2013114 (1995).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Montross, S. et al. Debris-rich basal ice as a microbial habitat, Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. Geomicrobiol. J. 31<\/b>, 76\u201381 (2014).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Orsi, A. J. et al. Differentiating bubble-free layers from melt layers in ice cores using noble gases. J. Glaciol. 61<\/b>, 585\u2013594 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Faure, G., Hoefs, J., Jones, L. M., Curtis, J. B. & Pride, D. E. Extreme 18O depletion in calcite and chert clasts from the Elephant Moraine on the East Antarctic ice sheet. Nature 332<\/b>, 352\u2013354 (1988).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Barker, J. D., Grottoli, A. G. & Lyons, W. B. Stable isotope evidence for the biogeochemical transformation of ancient organic matter beneath Suess Glacier, Antarctica. Arctic Antarctic Alpine Res. 50<\/b>, e1448643 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Zhang, Y. G. et al. Refining the alkenone-pCO2 method I: lessons from the Quaternary glacial cycles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 260<\/b>, 177\u2013191 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Pagani, M., Liu, Z., LaRiviere, J. & Ravelo, A. C. High Earth-system climate sensitivity determined from Pliocene carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat. Geosci. 3<\/b>, 27\u201330 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stoll, H. M. et al. Upregulation of phytoplankton carbon concentrating mechanisms during low CO2 glacial periods and implications for the phytoplankton pCO2 proxy. Quat. Sci. Rev. 208<\/b>, 1\u201320 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Badger, M. P. S. et al. Insensitivity of alkenone carbon isotopes to atmospheric CO2 at low to moderate CO2 levels. Clim. Past 15<\/b>, 539\u2013554 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Gonz\u00e1lez-Lanchas, A. et al. Carbon isotopic fractionation of alkenones and gephyrocapsa coccoliths over the Late Quaternary (marine isotope stages 12\u20139) glacial-interglacial cycles at the Western Tropical Atlantic. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 36<\/b>, e2020PA004175 (2021).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Seki, O. et al. Alkenone and boron-based Pliocene pCO2 records. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 292<\/b>, 201\u2013211 (2010).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Da, J., Zhang, Y. G., Li, G., Meng, X. & Ji, J. Low CO2 levels of the entire Pleistocene epoch. Nat. Commun. 10<\/b>, 4342 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Foster, G. L. Seawater pH, pCO2 and [CO2\u20133] variations in the Caribbean Sea over the last 130 kyr: a boron isotope and B\/Ca study of planktic foraminifera. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 271<\/b>, 254\u2013266 (2008).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Mart\u00ednez-Bot\u00ed, M. A. et al. Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity evaluated using high-resolution CO2 records. Nature 518<\/b>, 49\u201354 (2015).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Dyez, K. A., H\u00f6nisch, B. & Schmidt, G. A. Early Pleistocene obliquity-scale pCO\u2013 variability at ~1.5 million years ago. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 33<\/b>, 1270\u20131291 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Sosdian, S. M. et al. Constraining the evolution of Neogene ocean carbonate chemistry using the boron isotope pH proxy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 498<\/b>, 362\u2013376 (2018).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    de la Vega, E., Chalk, T. B., Wilson, P. A., Bysani, R. P. & Foster, G. L. Atmospheric CO2 during the mid-Piacenzian warm period and the M2 glaciation. Sci. Rep. 10<\/b>, 11002 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Yamamoto, M. et al. Increased interglacial atmospheric CO2 levels followed the mid-Pleistocene Transition. Nat. Geosci. 15<\/b>, 307\u2013313 (2022).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    van de Wal, R. S. W., de Boer, B., Lourens, L. J., K\u00f6hler, P. & Bintanja, R. Reconstruction of a continuous high-resolution CO2 record over the past 20 million years. Clim. Past 7<\/b>, 1459\u20131469 (2011).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Stap, L. B. et al. CO2 over the past 5 million years: continuous simulation and new \u03b411B-based proxy data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 439<\/b>, 1\u201310 (2016).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Berends, C. J., de Boer, B., Dolan, A. M., Hill, D. J. & van de Wal, R. S. W. Modelling ice sheet evolution and atmospheric CO2 during the Late Pliocene. Clim. Past 15<\/b>, 1603\u20131619 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    K\u00f6hler, P. Atmospheric CO2 concentration based on boron isotopes versus simulations of the global carbon cycle during the Plio-Pleistocene. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 38<\/b>, e2022PA004439 (2023).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Willeit, M., Ganopolski, A., Calov, R. & Brovkin, V. Mid-Pleistocene transition in glacial cycles explained by declining CO2 and regolith removal. Sci. Adv. 5<\/b>, eaav7337 (2019).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    K\u00f6hler, P. & Munhoven, G. Late Pleistocene carbon cycle revisited by considering solid earth processes. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 35<\/b>, e2020PA004020 (2020).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Jouzel, J. et al. Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science 317<\/b>, 793\u2013796 (2007).<\/p>\n

    Article<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     ADS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     CAS<\/a>\u00a0
    \n     PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
    \n
    \n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n<\/li>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"L\u00fcthi, D. et al. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000\u2013800,000 years before present. Nature 453, 379\u2013382 (2008). Article\u00a0…\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":666010,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[8],"tags":[81663,10046,10047,281713,159,67,132,68],"class_list":["post-666009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-science","tag-climate-sciences","tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","tag-multidisciplinary","tag-palaeoclimate","tag-science","tag-united-states","tag-unitedstates","tag-us"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/pubeurope.com\/@us\/116253933238666603","error":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/666009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=666009"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/666009\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/666010"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=666009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=666009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.europesays.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=666009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}