• V.L., T.N., S.E.J., H.Z. and H.M.O. contributed to scientific leadership, project management, experimental design and conception, ethics and governance, and bioinformatics. V.L., T.N., S.E.J., H.Z., H.M.O. and the Long COVID HGI were members of the steering committee. V.L., S.E.J., T.N., H.Z., A.A.R., A.H.-C., A.M., A.N., A.R.D., A.S., A.S.F.K., B.C., B.G.-G., C.B., C.B.S., C.A.R.W., D.C.P., D.M.J., E.A., E.F., E.T.C., E.V., F.M., H.E.O., J.M.L., K.A.-V., K.B., L.C.-S., L.G., L.M., M.M., M.V., O.C.L., R.E., R.E.M., R.K.C., R.R., S.A., S.S.V., T.W.W., M.B., M.M.-H. and N.S.-A. performed primary cohort data analyses. V.L., T.N., S.E.J., M.B. and J.K. performed GWAS meta-analyses. S.E.J., T.N., V.L., H.Z., S.J.A., M. Kanai, A.O.-G., B.E.F.-H., H.H.H., M.P., A.K.M. and N.S.-A. performed follow-up analyses. A. Renieri, A. Rakitko, M. Kumari, A.C., A.N., C.E., C.J., E.C.S., E.L.D., F.G., G.D.S., H.M.O., I.M.H., J.B.R., J.J.G., J.L.-E., K.C., K.K.T., K.U.L., L.A., L.H.F., L.V.C.V., L.V.W., M.I., M.M.-H., N.D.B., N.J.T., O.B.V.P., P.J.S., P.M., R.A.V., R.d.C., R.K.M., R.W., S.A.L., S.L., S.S.V., T.T.-L., Y.O., A.O.-G., M.B., A.S. and H.Z. contributed to data/sample collection. Data for initial discovery GWASs (Long COVID HGI data freeze 4) was collected by DBDS, EstBB, FinnGen, GEN-COVID, GENCOV, MexGen-COVID (Supplementary Tables 1, 3–8 and 12), ALSPAC, BoSCO, BQC19, EXCEED, GCAT (COVICAT), Genotek, GOLD, Helix, Ioannina, IrCovid, JapanTaskForce, Lifelines, MoBa, MSCIC, PMBB, SweCovid, COMRI, TiKoCo, TwinsUK, UKB and Understanding Society (Supplementary Tables 11 and 12). Replication datasets were provided by PHOSP-COVID, MVP (Supplementary Tables 9, 10 and 12), LatviaGDB, C19-GenoNet, CHIRP, EstBB, FoGS and MGB (Supplementary Table 12). V.L., S.E.J., T.N., H.Z., A.G., A.K., A.N., E.L.D., E.M., H.F.A., M.J.D., M.M.-H., M.M.M., N.S.-A., P.S., U.A.Z., A. Renieri, A. Rakitko, M. Kumari, A.C., C.E., C.J., E.C.S., F.G., G.D.S., H.M.O., I.M.H., J.B.R., J.J.G., J.L.-E., K.C., K.K.T., K.U.L., L.A., L.H.F., L.V.C.V., L.V.W., M.I., N.D.B., N.J.T., O.B.V.P., P.J.S., P.M., R.A.V., R.d.C., R.K.M., R.W., S.A.L., S.L., S.S.V., T.T.-L., Y.O., A.A.R., A.H.-C., A.M., A.R.D., A.S., A.S.F.K., B.C., B.G.G., C.B., C.B.S., C.A.R.W., D.C.P., D.M.J., E.A., E.F., E.T.C., E.V., F.M., H.E.O., J.M.L., K.A.-V., K.B., L.C.-S., L.G., L.M., M.M., M.V., O.C.L., R.E., R.E.M., R.K.C., R.R., S.A. and T.W.W. wrote and reviewed the manuscript. All other authors were involved in the design, management, coordination or analysis of contributing studies. See Supplementary Tables 2–10 for more detailed information on author contributions and roles.